Studies in the Stream of Consciousness: Experimental Enhancement and Suppression of Spontaneous Cognitive Processes

Antrobus, John S.; Singer, Jerome L.; Greenberg, S. W.

doi:10.2466/pms.1966.23.2.399

Cited by 241 publications

(227 citation statements)

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“…3) can also be seen as consistent with a semantic account. Both intuition and empirical evidence suggest that the conscious drestingT state is a highly active condition involving ongoing retrieval of conceptual and autobiographical knowledge, problemsolving, and planning (Andreasen et al, 1995;Antrobus et al, 1966;Binder et al, 1999;James, 1890;Mazoyer et al, 2001;McGuire et al, 1996;McKiernan et al, 2003;Pope and Singer, 1976;Shulman et al, 1997;Singer, 1993;Stark and Squire, 2001;Teasdale et al, 1993). Given the complex and highly integrative nature of the conceptual processing that occurs during drestT, it is not surprising that regions responsible for this processing would be less engaged by single words and nonwords that provide at best only limited semantic input.…”

Section: Lexicon or Semantics?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Some neurophysiological constraints on models of word naming

et al. 2005

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The pronunciation of irregular words in deep orthographies like English cannot be specified by simple rules. On the other hand, the fact that novel letter strings can be pronounced seems to imply the existence of such rules. These facts motivate dual-route models of word naming, which postulate separate lexical (whole-word) and non-lexical (rulebased) mechanisms for accessing phonology. We used fMRI during oral naming of irregular words, regular words, and nonwords, to test this theory against a competing single-mechanism account known as the triangle model, which proposes that all words are handled by a single system containing distributed orthographic, phonological, and semantic codes rather than word codes. Two versions of the dual-route model were distinguished: an dexclusiveT version in which activation of one processing route predominates over the other, and a dparallelT version in which both routes are equally activated by all words. The fMRI results provide no support for the exclusive dual-route model. Several frontal, insular, anterior cingulate, and parietal regions showed responses that increased with naming difficulty (nonword > irregular word > regular word) and were correlated with response time, but there was no activation consistent with the predicted response of a nonlexical, rule-based mechanism (i.e., nonword > regular word > irregular word). Several regions, including the angular gyrus and dorsal prefrontal cortex bilaterally, left ventromedial temporal lobe, and posterior cingulate gyrus, were activated more by words than nonwords, but these dlexical routeT regions were equally active for irregular and regular words. The results are compatible with both the parallel dual-route model and the triangle model. dLexical routeT regions also showed effects of word imageability. Together with previous imaging studies using semantic task contrasts, the imageability effects are consistent with semantic processing in these brain regions, suggesting that word naming is partly semantically-mediated. D 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Word naming; Dual-route model; Triangle model IntroductionThe correspondence between spoken and written forms of a language is not always systematic. While in some alphabetic orthographies the sound of a word can be worked out using rules of pronunciation, in most, there are varying degrees of irregularity in the mapping between print and sound. In English, for example, Bernard Shaw pointed out that the word ''fish'' could be written ghoti if one were mischievous enough to borrow the spelling for /f/ from rough, the spelling of /I/ from women, and the spelling of /sh/ from nation. Words like colonel and yacht are only some of the more extreme examples of such irregularity of pronunciation, which is pervasive in English and is seen in many of its more common words, including some, many, of, the, and word just used in this sentence.While the pronunciation of these dirregularT words would seem to be learned through rote memorization of the whole word, there is...

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Section: Lexicon or Semantics?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Some neurophysiological constraints on models of word naming

et al. 2005

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“…Much human rumination seems likely to reflect a search to extract a meaningful lesson (Antrobus, Singer, & Greenberg, 1966;Silver, Boone, & Stone, 1983;Tait & Silver, 1989; see also Ciarocco, Vohs, & Baumeister, 2008). Humans can replay events from yesterday or last year and continue to learn from them.…”

Section: Learningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conscious thought is for facilitating social and cultural interactions: How mental simulations serve the animal–culture interface.

Baumeister¹,

Masicampo²

2010

Psychological Review

247

210

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Five empirically based critiques have undermined the standard assumption that conscious thought is primarily for input (obtaining information from the natural environment) or output (the direct control of action). Instead, we propose that conscious thought is for internal processing, to facilitate downstream interaction with the social and cultural environment. Human consciousness enables the construction of meaningful, sequential thought, as in sentences and narratives, logical reasoning, counting and quantification, causal understanding, narratives, and the simulation of events (including nonpresent ones). Conscious thought sequences resemble short films that the brain makes for itself, thereby enabling different parts of brain and mind to share information. The production of conscious thoughts is closely linked to the production of speech because the human mind evolved to facilitate social communication and information sharing, as culture became humankind's biological strategy. The influence of conscious thought on behavior can be vitally helpful but is mostly indirect. Conscious simulation processes are useful for understanding the perspectives of social interaction partners, for exploring options in complex decisions, for replaying past events (both literally and counterfactually) so as to learn, and for facilitating participation in culture in other ways.

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Section: Resting/default State and Cognition-emotionvigilance Interacmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, external sensory deprivation increases attention to endogenous stimuli (Solomon et al, 1961), as does increasing the predictability of external events (Antrobus et al, 1966;Pope and Singer, 1976). Conversely, difficult cognitive tasks decrease attention to endogenous stimuli (Antrobus et al, 1966;Pope and Singer, 1976;Teasdale et al, 1995). A number of studies have now focused on the complex interactions of personality, emotion, cognition, reward, and decision-making (Allman et al, 2001;Bechara et al, 2000;Bush et al, 2000Bush et al, , 2002Damasio, 2001;Davidson, 2001;Devinsky et al, 1995;Gehring and Fencsik, 2001;Gray et al, 2002;Mayberg et al, 1999;Posner and Raichle, 1998;Simpson et al, 2001b;Vogt et al, 1992;Whalen et al, 1998).…”

Section: Resting/default State and Cognition-emotionvigilance Interacmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Attention Networks

Bush

2009

Neuropsychopharmacol

298

251

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Research attempting to elucidate the neuropathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has not only shed light on the disorder itself, it has simultaneously provided new insights into the mechanisms of normal cognition and attention. This review will highlight and integrate this bidirectional flow of information. Following a brief overview of ADHD clinical phenomenology, ADHD studies will be placed into a wider historical perspective by providing illustrative examples of how major models of attention have influenced the development of neurocircuitry models of ADHD. The review will then identify major components of neural systems potentially relevant to ADHD, including attention networks, reward/feedbackbased processing systems, as well as a 'default mode' resting state network. Further, it will suggest ways in which these systems may interact and be influenced by neuromodulatory factors. Recent ADHD imaging data will be selectively provided to both illustrate the field's current level of knowledge and to show how such data can inform our understanding of normal brain functions. The review will conclude by suggesting possible avenues for future research.

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Studies in the Stream of Consciousness: Experimental Enhancement and Suppression of Spontaneous Cognitive Processes

Cited by 241 publications

References 4 publications

Some neurophysiological constraints on models of word naming

Some neurophysiological constraints on models of word naming

Conscious thought is for facilitating social and cultural interactions: How mental simulations serve the animal–culture interface.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Attention Networks

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