Studies of 400 Hymenoptera sting deaths in the United States

Barnard, James H.

doi:10.1016/0091-6749(73)90044-4

Cited by 278 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…A rapid increase in systemic adrenaline directly counteracts anaphylaxis-induced cardiovascular, respiratory, cutaneous and subcutaneous manifestations (28,29). It can be life-saving (30), and delayed injection of adrenaline is associated with increased risk of fatality (8,31,32), as demonstrated in both insect sting-(31) and food-induced anaphylaxis (32). The World Allergy Organization (WAO) has consistently emphasized the need for prompt injection of adrenaline (33).…”

Section: Emergency Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anaphylaxis treatment: current barriers to adrenaline auto-injector use

Song

Worm

Lieberman

2014

Allergy

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To cite this article: Song TT, Worm M, Lieberman P. Anaphylaxis treatment: current barriers to adrenaline auto-injector use. AbstractAnaphylaxis is a life-threatening condition that is increasing in prevalence in the developed world. There is universal expert agreement that rapid intramuscular injection of adrenaline is life-saving and constitutes the first-line treatment of anaphylaxis. The unpredictable nature of anaphylaxis and its rapid progression makes necessary the availability of a portable emergency treatment suitable for self-administration. Thus, anaphylaxis treatment guidelines recommend that at-risk patients are provided with adrenaline auto-injectors (AAIs). Despite these clear recommendations, current emergency treatment of anaphylaxis continues to be inadequate in many cases. The aim of this review is to highlight the barriers that exist to the use and availability of AAIs and that prevent proper management of anaphylaxis. In addition, we review the characteristics of all AAIs that are presently available in Europe and the USA and discuss the need for regulatory requirements to establish the performance characteristics of these devices.

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Section: Emergency Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anaphylaxis treatment: current barriers to adrenaline auto-injector use

Song

Worm

Lieberman

2014

Allergy

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“…anaphylaxis. In US, at least 30-40 people die from Hymenoptera stings, many of whom have no prior history of allergic reactions [9]. Allergic reactions to Hymenoptera group are common among men and particularly among those of over 30 years [3].…”

Section: Casementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Like most cases of sudden death, underlying coronary atherosclerosis appears to be the principal mechanism. External factors that affect mortality include environmental temperature and site of sting [6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Figure 2amentioning

confidence: 99%

Death Caused by Honey Bee Stings: Case Report

Anolay¹,

Arslan²,

Kumral³

et al. 2014

Med-Science

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“…The venom is injected from a gland through the stinger and is used to catch prey and to defend against predators. The venom of these insects is composed of various biologically active peptide and protein components, some of which can cause toxicity or anaphylaxis in humans (4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the allergen Sol gem 2 from the fire ant venom, Solenopsis geminata

Sukprasert¹,

Uawonggul²,

Jamjanya³

et al. 2012

J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis

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Sol i 2 is a potent allergen in Solenopsis invicta venom, and most humans exhibit reactivity to it. The Sol gem 2 allergen found in the venom of the Thai tropical fire ant Solenopsis geminata was analysed in the present study. The protein was present in higher amounts than other proteins, as determined by SDS-PAGE, and presumably has allergenic properties similar to those of Sol i 2. Sol gem 2 molecular weight is 28 and 15 kDa, respectively, under non-reducing and reducing conditions, indicating that its native form is a dimer. LC-MS/MS analysis confirmed its similarity to Sol i 2. The mono/dimeric form of Sol gem 2 was determined to be relevant by proteomic approach and immunoblotting. An anti-Sol gem 2 antibody was produced in mice, with a titer greater than 1:800 according to the Western blotting analysis. The Sol gem 2-neutralising activity of this antibody was determined in crickets. The paralytic dose 50 (PD 50 ) of crude S. geminata venom was elevated from 0.18 mg/g of body weight to more than 0.90 mg/g of body weight after preincubation with antibody at a ratio of 1:1. These results suggest that Sol gem 2 plays an important role in mediating the effects of the piperidine derivatives in the venom.Key words: allergy, ant venom, hymenoptera, immunoreactivity. Original PaPer The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases ISSN 1678-9199 | 2012 | volume 18 | issue 3 | pages 325-334 INTRODUCTIONVenomous insects such as bees, wasps, hornets, yellow jackets and fire ants belong to the order Hymenoptera. These insects have a stinging apparatus at the tail end of their abdominal segment and still comprise a serious problem in tropical climates. Every year, a large number of people are stung by these insects (1). The stings are capable of delivering between 100 ng (fire ants) and 50 μg (bees) of venom (2, 3). The venom is injected from a gland through the stinger and is used to catch prey and to defend against predators. The venom of these insects is composed of various biologically active peptide and protein components, some of which can cause toxicity or anaphylaxis in humans (4).Fire ants (Solenopsis sp.) are members of the Formicidae family. The medically important aggressive species are S. invicta, S. richteri, S. geminata and S. saevissima (5, 6). The venom components of these ants and their immunoreactivity have been extensively studied. Approximately 95% of fire ant venom consists of water-insoluble piperidine alkaloids, and approximately 0.1% of its weight (10 to 100 ng of protein in 0.04 to 0.11 μL per sting) is protein (7). The toxicity of the venom is thought to be due to solenopsins and methyl-, alkylor alkenyl-substituted piperidines (7-9). The venom has cytotoxic, insecticidal, antibiotic and antimicrobial properties as well (7,(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). The protein components of venom, which are wellknown allergens, are believed to play important roles in accelerating the spread of solenopsins to nearby cells and tissues. Solenopsins are believed t...

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Studies of 400 Hymenoptera sting deaths in the United States

Cited by 278 publications

References 4 publications

Anaphylaxis treatment: current barriers to adrenaline auto-injector use

Anaphylaxis treatment: current barriers to adrenaline auto-injector use

Death Caused by Honey Bee Stings: Case Report

Characterization of the allergen Sol gem 2 from the fire ant venom, Solenopsis geminata

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