Studies of Antibacterial Activity of Benzalkonium Chloride as Preservative for Ophthalmic Solutions Against Gram-positive Cocci and Negative Rods

Saji, Mamoru; Usuki, Reiko; Ibaraki, Nobuhiro; Hayama, Naoaki; Osono, Eiichi; Ohkuni, Hisashi

doi:10.5649/jjphcs.29.341

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…As BAC has excellent antibacterial properties and long-term stability, it is widely used as a preservative. [14][15][16] It was originally thought that the use of antiseptics such as BAC would not lead to drug resistance if used at realistic concentrations, unlike antimicrobial agents, in which inappropriate drug selection or concentration may destroy sensitive bacteria only, leading to the selection of drug-resistant bacteria. Moreover, as antiseptics kill microbes through a combination of mechanisms, such as albuminous degeneration of the cell membrane, enzyme inhibition, and increased membrane permeability, the likelihood of their selecting for bacterial resistance is low.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conjunctival Bacteria Flora of Glaucoma Patients During Long-Term Administration of Prostaglandin Analog Drops

Ohtani

Shimizu

Nejima

et al. 2017

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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PURPOSE.To investigate the effects of the long-term use of prostaglandin analogs for glaucoma treatment on the indigenous flora of the conjunctiva.METHODS. Bacterial isolates were collected from the conjunctival sacs of 68 patients at Miyata Eye Hospital from February to September 2014, who had been receiving continuous monotherapy with prostaglandin analogs for glaucoma for at least 1 year. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, cefmenoxime, tobramycin, chloramphenicol, and erythromycin against the isolates were measured to determine susceptibility. RESULTS.The positive culture rate in all cases was 90.5% (57/63 eyes), and a total of 79 bacterial strains were isolated. The isolated bacteria included aerobic gram-positive cocci (8% Staphylococcus aureus and 41% Staphylococcus epidermidis), coagulase-negative staphylococci (5%), Streptococcus spp. (1%), Corynebacterium spp. (4%), gram-negative bacteria (4%), and the facultative anaerobe Propionibacterium acnes (33%). The positive culture rates for patients using 0.005% latanoprost (Xa group) and 0.004% travoprost (Tz group) were 88.9% and 92.6%, respectively, with no statistically significant difference in the composition of isolated bacteria between groups. Methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE) was significantly more frequently isolated in the Xa group. The antimicrobial susceptibility rates of S. epidermidis were significantly lower in the Xa group for levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, and tobramycin.CONCLUSIONS. The indigenous flora may be affected by the long-term use of prostaglandin analogs. The higher incidence of MRSE in the Xa group should be considered during the longterm, continuous administration of eye drops, such as in glaucoma treatment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conjunctival Bacteria Flora of Glaucoma Patients During Long-Term Administration of Prostaglandin Analog Drops

Ohtani

Shimizu

Nejima

et al. 2017

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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“…Therefore, a sufficient amount of TONS504 might not penetrate the outer membrane of P. aeruginosa even if BAC increased 1 O 2 generation by TONS504 outside the bacterial bodies. Another possible explanation is that the BAC concentrations in the present study were low; this is because we set them while referring to BAC concentrations contained in ophthalmic solutions available in Japan [27]. Therefore, considering that other surfactant agents increased the PAE of methylene blue on Gram-negative bacteria [23], the possibility that higher BAC concentrations may increase the PAE of TONS504 on P. aeruginosa cannot be ruled out.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Synergistic effect of TONS504-mediated photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy and additives widely contained in ophthalmic solutions: benzalkonium chloride and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

Shinji

Chikama

Okazaki

et al. 2022

Photochem Photobiol Sci

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TONS504 (C 51 H 58 N 8 O 5 I 2 ), a chlorine derivative, effectively generates singlet oxygen by light activation and exhibits photodynamic antimicrobial effects (PAEs) on various pathogens. However, this photosensitizer has some limitations: a high tendency to self-aggregate and a relatively weak PAE for Gram-negative bacteria compared with Gram-positive bacteria. To overcome these limitations, the present study investigated the synergistic effects of the PAE of TONS504 and two additives commonly contained in ophthalmic solutions: benzalkonium chloride (BAC) or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were exposed to TONS504 and/or each additive. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy was performed with light irradiation centered at a wavelength of 665 nm with a total light energy of 30 J/cm 2 . Following incubation, the number of colonies formed was counted. Additionally, we examined the inhibitory effects of the additives on TONS504 self-aggregation by observing its absorption spectrum. Consequently, the PAEs of TONS504 on S. aureus were enhanced by both additives, and BAC displayed stronger synergistic effects on the bacteria than EDTA. By contrast, only EDTA increased the PAE on P. aeruginosa. The peak of the TONS504 absorption spectrum shifted to a longer wave length and the absorbance increased in the presence of BAC, suggesting that BAC inhibited the self-aggregation of the photosensitizer. In conclusion, the combination of BAC or EDTA and TONS504-mediated photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy exhibits a synergistic antimicrobial effect on S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. The optimal additive to enhance the PAE may differ between bacterial strains.

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“…BAC is used in several consumer products because it is safer than other preservatives. For example, its concentration in eye drops ranges from 25 to 200 μg mL À1 (Saji et al 2003), whereas the BAC concentration used in this study for dissolved CH 4 sample preservation was $ 100 μg mL À1 (0.01%). Choi et al (2018) reported that BAC concentrations in hair conditioners manufactured in Korea ranged from 0.5% to 2%, which poses no safety issues in humans according to toxicological profiles and use exposure assessments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

A simple, safe method for preserving dissolved methane in freshwater samples using benzalkonium chloride

Osaka,

Nagata,

Inoue

et al. 2024

Limnology & Ocean Methods

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Methane (CH4) dissolved in water is readily consumed by CH4‐oxidizing bacteria, so the possibility of the dissolved CH4 concentration (dCH4) in sampled water changing before analysis is a concern. To determine the accurate in situ dCH4 level, mercury chloride (HgCl2) or sodium azide (NaN3) is traditionally used for sample preservation. However, these preservatives are very toxic and great care must be taken when adding them to samples. Benzalkonium chloride (BAC), a quaternary ammonium salt cationic surfactant, is a readily available disinfectant that is less harmful to the human body than HgCl2, NaN3, and other preservatives. In this study, we investigated the usefulness of BAC in preserving dCH4 in swamp water, which is a critical terrestrial source of CH4. The dCH4 in samples without BAC decreased immediately after sample collection, whereas the dCH4 in the samples with added BAC did not change significantly for at least 15 d. In addition, when BAC was added to 18 water samples with different water chemistries, the dCH4 did not change significantly from immediately after sampling to 1 week after sampling (average difference: 3%). Thus, in the water samples used in this study, BAC effectively preserved dCH4 in the samples for at least 1 week. Further testing of the effect of BAC on the preservation of dCH4 in different types of water samples worldwide will help to establish a more complete, simple, and safe method.

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Studies of Antibacterial Activity of Benzalkonium Chloride as Preservative for Ophthalmic Solutions Against Gram-positive Cocci and Negative Rods

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Conjunctival Bacteria Flora of Glaucoma Patients During Long-Term Administration of Prostaglandin Analog Drops

Conjunctival Bacteria Flora of Glaucoma Patients During Long-Term Administration of Prostaglandin Analog Drops

Synergistic effect of TONS504-mediated photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy and additives widely contained in ophthalmic solutions: benzalkonium chloride and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

A simple, safe method for preserving dissolved methane in freshwater samples using benzalkonium chloride

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