Studies of Atmospheric PM2.5 and its Inorganic Water Soluble Ions and Trace Elements around Southeast Asia: a Review

Long-range Transboundary Atmospheric Transport of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Carbonaceous Compositions, and Water-soluble Ionic Species in Southern Thailand

“…As previously mentioned, the most dominant species in this study were SO 4 2-, Na + and Ca 2+ which mainly contributed from secondary inorganic aerosols, biomass burning, sea salt and mixed industrial for the ambient air in Phuket (Dahari et al, 2019). The statistics showed that there were no obvious differences on F -, Cl -, NO 2and NO 3in all seasons, while SO 4 2-, Na + , Ca 2+ , NH 4 + , K + and Mg 2+ were obvious differences between rainy and cool (p > 0.05).…”

“…Previous study reported that SO 4 2-, K + , and NH 4 + are the major fractions in the form of secondary inorganic aerosols and biomass burning. Moreover, WSIS of NH 4 + , K + , Ca 2+ , Na + were extracted from the PM 2.5 ambient air samples, which Na + , NH 4 + , and Clare mainly originated from aged (Dahari et al, 2019). In this study, the average SO 4 2concentration was the highest throughout the entire study period for all season (Fig.…”

COVID-19's impact on the atmospheric environment in the Southeast Asia region

“…Aerosol optical depth (AOD) is a measure of the attenuation of solar radiation due to light absorption and scattering by the atmospheric aerosols. Over SEA, aerosols are mainly from urban and industrial emissions (organics, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium), black carbon from fossilfuel combustion and biofuel burning, volcanic ash, sea salts and dust transported by long distances, while during pre-monsoon extensive forest and vegetation fires occur (Chuersuwan et al, 2008;Hai and Kim Oanh, 2013;Tsai et al, 2013;Kanniah, 2014;Kanniah et al, 2016;Khan et al, 2016;Pani et al, 2018;Dahari et al, 2019). Therefore, aerosols are mixtures of various types creating hybrid particles and rendering their radiative effects highly uncertain (Pani et al, 2016).…”

Carbon and Trace Element Compositions of Total Suspended Particles (TSP) and Nanoparticles (PM_0.1) in Ambient Air of Southern Thailand and Characterization of Their Sources

“…Studies of PM in Thailand and Asian countries are currently based on measurements of PM10 and PM2.5 through ground-based monitoring and mathematical modeling [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. However, data on the abundance, sources, monthly distribution together with seasonal variations in the concentrations of carbon and elements in the nano-size range (PM0.1; particles of diameter ≤ 0.1 µm or 100 nm) and total suspended particles (TSP) remain scarce in developing countries, including Thailand and its neighboring countries [12][13][14] Particle-bound total carbon (TC) can be separated into two types, i.e., organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) or black carbon (BC) [15]. The term BC is loosely equivalent to EC liable on the analytical method being used [16,17].…”

“…Although they represent a small share of the total mass concentration of PM, trace elements are of particular concern because that have a health risk to humans [23,26,27]. Concerning elements, Mn, Al, and Fe are characteristically found in the crust earth, whereas Cu, Cr, Pb, and Zn are resulting from anthropogenic sources [5,13]. Inhaling toxic elements including Cd, Zn, Cr, Pb and Ni could be harmful to human health, particularly cancer [28][29][30].…”