Studies of carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber/butyl reclaimed rubber (XNBR/BRR) blends for shoe soles application

Abidin, Zafirah Zainal; Mamauod, Siti Nur Liyana; Khooi, Darren; Sarkawi, Siti Salina; Ismail, Hanafi

doi:10.1515/jmbm-2021-0018

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…However, PUD70 and PUD60 had slightly better performance in terms of chemical swelling compared to PUD80. This could be due to the fact that XNBR has good chemical‐resistance properties 78 . Despite that, the percentage of swelling is leveling off at 40%, although there is more XNBR loading in PUD60.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable and greener coatings produced from accelerator‐ and sulfur‐free polyurethane dispersion/carboxylated nitrile butadiene latex blends

Gan

Chow

Khoo

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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This study is aimed at producing polyurethane dispersion (PUD)/carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR) blends without using accelerators and sulfur. The PUD/XNBR (at blending ratios of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, and 60:40) was prepared using coagulation and latex dipping technology. The result demonstrated that increasing XNBR in the PUD/XNBR blends increased the zeta potential of the blends up to −71.8 mV. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) studies show hydrogen interaction bonding exists between XNBR and PUD, which significantly impacts the degree of phase mixing, degree of phase separation and relative change of hard segment separation of the PUD. The surface energy of the PUD blend is reduced from 34.68 ± 0.23 to 22.28 ± 0.63 mJ−2 with increasing XNBR loading. The presence of XNBR had increased the polar component of the surface energy, but a further increase of the XNBR amount to more than 20% had reduced the tensile strength. Overall, loading 20% of XNBR (PUD80) showed the best performance by having an improvement in tensile strength compared to pristine PUD.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable and greener coatings produced from accelerator‐ and sulfur‐free polyurethane dispersion/carboxylated nitrile butadiene latex blends

Gan

Chow

Khoo

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Although there was no reinforcement provided in the composite, it shows a high hardness value, 43.9 Shore A. This is due to XNBR’s nature of being a high-wearing polymer where it has chemical resistance, high abrasion, and high hardness [ 36 ]. When 35 phr of CB was added into the XNBR composite, the hardness of the composite was improved to 67 Shore A. CB is a proven reinforcing filler that provides high hardness to the composite, which in this study, improved the hardness of the composite by 35.5%.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic Effect of Partial Replacement of Carbon Black by Palm Kernel Shell Biochar in Carboxylated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Composites

et al. 2023

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With the rapid development of the palm oil-related industry, this has resulted in the high production of palm oil waste. The increasing amount of palm oil waste has become an alarming issue in which researchers have carried out studies that this palm oil waste has the potential to be used as a biomass source. Carbon black (CB) is the most preferred reinforcing filler in the rubber industry but it has a disadvantage where CB is carcinogenic and a petroleum-based product. Hence CB is less sustainable. Palm kernel shell (PKS) derived from palm oil waste can be turned into palm kernel shell biochar (PKSBc) which can potentially be a value-added, sustainable biofiller as reinforcement in rubber composites. In this study, PKSBc is hybridized with CB (N660) at different loading ratios to be filled in carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR). This study aims to elucidate the effect of the varying ratios of hybrid CB/PKSBc on the rheological properties, abrasion resistance, and hardness of XNBR composites. In this study, both CB and PKSBc are incorporated into XNBR and were then cured with sulphur. The composites were prepared by using a two-roll mill. Different compositions of hybrid CB/PKSBc were incorporated. The rheological properties and physicomechanical properties, such as abrasion resistance and hardness of the vulcanizates, were investigated. Based on the results, as the loading ratio of PKSBc in hybrid CB/PKSBc increases, the cure time decreases, and the cure rate index increases. The abrasion resistance and hardness values of vulcanizates were maintained by the high loading of PKSBc which was due to the porous structure of PKSBc as shown in the morphological analysis of PKSBc. The pores of PKSBc provided mechanical interlocking to reduce volume loss and maintain the hardness of vulcanizates when subjected to force. With this, PKSBc is proven to be a semi-reinforcing filler that could not only act as a co-filler to existing commercialized CB, but PKSBc could also fully substitute CB as reinforcement in rubber, specifically XNBR as it is able to provide high abrasion resistance and hardness to the rubber composites. This would mean the performance of PKSBc is comparable with CB (N660) when it comes to maintaining the physicomechanical properties of XNBR composites in terms of abrasion resistance and hardness. Therefore, this approach of using eco-friendly filler derived from palm oil agricultural waste (PKSBc) can reduce the abundance of palm oil waste, be a sustainable alternative to act as a co-filler in hybrid CB/PKSBc to decrease the usage of CB, and helps to enhance the quality of existing rubber-based products.

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“…An example of RR is BRR which is derived from reclaimed butyl inner tubes. One of the advantages of BRR is that BRR has low build-up when being processed and accelerated cure rate properties [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary Investigation on the Mechanical Properties of Carboxylated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (XNBR) Blended with Different Loadings of Butyl Reclaimed Rubber (BRR)

Mamauod

2024

JMechE

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Reclaimed rubber (RR) from butyl tubes was evaluated as a partial and full replacement of a virgin rubber which is carboxylated nitrile butadiene (XNBR). This study involves the blending of carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber with butyl reclaimed rubber (XNBR/BRR) in various loadings andcured with sulfur by using a two-roll mill. The objective is to investigate the effect of RR loading on crosslink density and mechanical properties of XNBR/BRR blends. The mechanical properties such as hardness, rebound resilience, tear strength, tensile strength, elongation at break, and modulus were evaluated. In this study, the amount of reclaimed rubber varied from 0 phr to 161 phr. The results showed that the rebound resilience, tear strength, and tensile strength had a reduction of 43%, 27%, and 67%, respectively. Also, the hardness and modulus increased by 17% and 60% each. As for the elongation at break, it had a decrease of 69% and then an increment of about 77%. These results appeared due to the low molecular 1 weight of the BRR800 and the presence of processing oil and carbon black in the reclaimed rubber itself. This study could prove that reclaimed rubber can be fully utilized by putting it to good use in producing good quality rubber-based products.

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Studies of carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber/butyl reclaimed rubber (XNBR/BRR) blends for shoe soles application

Cited by 8 publications

References 43 publications

Sustainable and greener coatings produced from accelerator‐ and sulfur‐free polyurethane dispersion/carboxylated nitrile butadiene latex blends

Sustainable and greener coatings produced from accelerator‐ and sulfur‐free polyurethane dispersion/carboxylated nitrile butadiene latex blends

Synergistic Effect of Partial Replacement of Carbon Black by Palm Kernel Shell Biochar in Carboxylated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Composites

Preliminary Investigation on the Mechanical Properties of Carboxylated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (XNBR) Blended with Different Loadings of Butyl Reclaimed Rubber (BRR)

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