Studies of Drag Reduction Conducted over a Broad Range of Pipeline Conditions when Flowing Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil

Burger, E.D.; Chorn, Larry; Perkins, T.K.

doi:10.1122/1.549579

Cited by 129 publications

(63 citation statements)

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“…This reduction in pressure loss, known as turbulent drag reduction (DR), can be utilized to reduce energy requirements for pumping the fluids. Polymer drag reducing agents (DRAs) have been utilized in the Trans-Alaska crude oil pipeline [4,5] and in fire fighting [6] and have been studied for many other applications [7]. However, polymeric DRAs lose drag reducing effectiveness in pumping because their relatively long molecules are degraded in high shear stress regions of piping systems [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Heat Transfer of Drag-Reducing Surfactant Solution by an HEV Static Mixer with Low Pressure Drop

Shi

Wang

et al. 2011

Advances in Mechanical Engineering

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A novel high-efficiency vortex (HEV) static mixer was used to locally enhance the heat transfer coefficient of a drag-reducing fluid, Ethoquad O/12 (EO12) (3 mM) with sodium salicylate (NaSal) (5 mM). Significant enhancement of heat transfer coefficients was observed. The Nusselt numbers were three to five times those of normal drag-reducing flow without mixer and were close to those of water at high Reynolds number with only modest energy penalty. In contrast, a Helix static mixer increased Nusselt number slightly with very high pressure loss. A performance number was used for comparisons among the HEV static mixer, the Helix static mixer, and water without mixer. The HEV static mixer had a performance number comparable to that of water. The enhanced heat transfer by the HEV static mixer resulted from streamwise vortices generated by the inclined tabs, which increased the convective heat transfer in the radial direction.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Heat Transfer of Drag-Reducing Surfactant Solution by an HEV Static Mixer with Low Pressure Drop

Shi

Wang

et al. 2011

Advances in Mechanical Engineering

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“…Les modeles presentes dans la litterature scientifique pour la prediction de la mise a I'echelle de la reduction de trainee sont inadequats, ceux-ci ne fonctionnant que dans une gamme etroite de he reduction in friction loss for turbulent flow through T circular pipes by addition of small amounts (measured in parts per million) of high molecular weight polymeric additives to a liquid, has been well documented over the last few decades. In recent times, the focus has shifted to surfactant solutions, forming rod like micelles, which at relatively higher concentrations produce reduction in drag by the same mechanism.Though polymeric additives were used by ARC0 Oil company in the Trans Alaska Pipeline for transporting crude oil (Burger et al, 1982) in the early 1980s, wide ranging commercial use of these additives was hampered by their susceptibility to mechanical degradation. Surfactant additives are highly resistant to mechanical degradation and are currently being used extensively in several European countries in district heating and cooling systems (Steiff et al, 1989) and in a library cooling system at Halifax, Canada (Young, 1996).…”

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confidence: 99%

Pipeline scale‐up in drag reducing turbulent flow

Sood

Rhodes

1998

Can J Chem Eng

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Models available in literature for predicting drag reduction scale-up are inadequate as they have been successful only over a narrow range of diameters. A new scale-up model is presented which equates dampening of turbulent velocity fluctuations by drag reducing additives to a reduction in the Prandtl mixing length. Flow and pressure drop data from a laboratory scale pipe along with shear viscosity measurements are sufficient to predict drag reduction scale-up in bigger diameter pipes. Using this approach, scale-up was successfully predicted over a diameter range of 7 to 154 mm for a surfactant-water system and 26.6 to 1194 mm for a polymer-oil system. Les modeles presentes dans la litterature scientifique pour la prediction de la mise a I'echelle de la reduction de trainee sont inadequats, ceux-ci ne fonctionnant que dans une gamme etroite de he reduction in friction loss for turbulent flow through T circular pipes by addition of small amounts (measured in parts per million) of high molecular weight polymeric additives to a liquid, has been well documented over the last few decades. In recent times, the focus has shifted to surfactant solutions, forming rod like micelles, which at relatively higher concentrations produce reduction in drag by the same mechanism.Though polymeric additives were used by ARC0 Oil company in the Trans Alaska Pipeline for transporting crude oil (Burger et al., 1982) in the early 1980s, wide ranging commercial use of these additives was hampered by their susceptibility to mechanical degradation. Surfactant additives are highly resistant to mechanical degradation and are currently being used extensively in several European countries in district heating and cooling systems (Steiff et al., 1989) and in a library cooling system at Halifax, Canada (Young, 1996).Despite the general agreement that turbulent drag reduction is a consequence of the interaction of the viscoelastic additive molecules with the turbulent boundary layer (Virk, 1975) direct experimental verification of these properties is very difficult because of the low concentrations of these solutions. Though a large volume of work has been done on this subject, a theoretical expression or correlation which accurately predicts the turbulent friction loss characteristics of these solutions has not yet been obtained.The flow of Newtonian fluids in circular pipes can be adequately correlated by the well known universal laws: *Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail address: rhodes@tuns.ca Unlike Newtonian fluids, there is a rather strong influence of the pipe diameter on the friction law for drag reducing fluids. These solutions cannot be characterized by the Reynolds number of the flow. In other words, maintaining the same Reynolds number in different diameter pipes would not yield the same friction factor due to the so called 'Diameter Effect'. Tackling the problem of the diameter effect assumes considerable importance and interest, knowing that a complete and detailed description of the interaction of additive ...

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“…The results of the investigations can be used to ascertain the mechanism of turbulent drag reduction and even the mechanism of selfsustaining wall turbulence. They can also be extended to turbulence control in practical industrial application [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Short Review on Drag-Reduced Turbulent Flow of Inhomogeneous Polymer Solutions

Kawaguchi

2013

Advances in Mechanical Engineering

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Turbulent drag reduction by additives is an effective approach to save energy in wall turbulence. Improvement of this approach requires a better understanding of the interactions between turbulence and additives including the complex changes in turbulence under various conditions of additives. In this paper we review some recent progress in the investigations of drag reduction in wall turbulence with inhomogeneous polymer solutions via slot-injection and wall-blowing methods. The turbulent statistics characteristics and coherent structures modified by the inhomogeneous polymer additives and the polymer diffusion characteristics in the turbulent boundary layer (TBL) flow and channel flow are discussed in terms of previous experimental and numerical studies. This review also presents a discussion of current limitations and future directions in these areas. Readers may find it helpful in understanding the phenomenon of turbulent drag reduction by inhomogeneous polymer additives and in developing practical applications.

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Studies of Drag Reduction Conducted over a Broad Range of Pipeline Conditions when Flowing Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil

Cited by 129 publications

References 0 publications

Enhancing Heat Transfer of Drag-Reducing Surfactant Solution by an HEV Static Mixer with Low Pressure Drop

Enhancing Heat Transfer of Drag-Reducing Surfactant Solution by an HEV Static Mixer with Low Pressure Drop

Pipeline scale‐up in drag reducing turbulent flow

A Short Review on Drag-Reduced Turbulent Flow of Inhomogeneous Polymer Solutions

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