Studies of Epidemiology and Seroprevalence of Bovine Noroviruses in Germany

Deng, Yu; Batten, Carrie; Liu, Binlei; Lambden, Paul R.; Elschner, Mandy C.; Günther, Horst; Otto, Peter; Schnürch, P.; Eichhorn, Werner; Herbst, W.; Clarke, Ian N.

doi:10.1128/jcm.41.6.2300-2305.2003

Cited by 49 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…These antibody-ELISA assays are specific and sensitive for detection of NoV-specific antibodies and thus they have been used in several large-scale human epidemiologic studies [99][100][101][102][103][104]. However, these antibodies are usually cross-reactive, detecting antibody responses to both GI and GII NoVs in volunteers [80,105,106], making it impossible to identify the antigenic type of the infecting strain [107].…”

Section: Detection Of Serological Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porcine enteric caliciviruses: Genetic and antigenic relatedness to human caliciviruses, diagnosis and epidemiology

Wang

Costantini

Saif

2007

Vaccine

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Porcine enteric caliciviruses include sapoviruses and noroviruses. Porcine sapoviruses infect pigs of all ages and cause diarrhea in young pigs, whereas porcine noroviruses were detected exclusively from adult pigs without clinical signs. Importantly, certain porcine norovirus strains were genetically and antigenically related to human noroviruses. This raises public health concerns that pigs may be reservoirs for emergence of epidemic human norovirus strains. This article reviews the discovery of porcine noroviruses and sapoviruses, their classification, diagnosis, epidemiology and genetic and antigenic relatedness to human caliciviruses.

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Section: Detection Of Serological Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porcine enteric caliciviruses: Genetic and antigenic relatedness to human caliciviruses, diagnosis and epidemiology

Wang

Costantini

Saif

2007

Vaccine

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“…The development of EIA systems using recombinant VLPs greatly increased our knowledge on the seroepidemiology of NVs (4,6,21,33). Baculovirus expression and VLP formation of SV capsid proteins have also been reported (10,12,19,30); however, the yield of SV VLPs obtained is typically low.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The tremendous genetic and possibly antigenic diversity of HuCVs further complicates their diagnosis. With the accumulation of HuCV genomic sequence information, the Norovirus genus is further classified into five genogroups and more than 25 NV genetic clusters (42), and similarly, five genogroups and at least 9 genetic clusters within Sapovirus have been reported (7).The development of EIA systems using recombinant VLPs greatly increased our knowledge on the seroepidemiology of NVs (4,6,21,33). Baculovirus expression and VLP formation of SV capsid proteins have also been reported (10,12,19,30); however, the yield of SV VLPs obtained is typically low.…”

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confidence: 99%

Development of an Enzyme Immunoassay for Detection of Sapovirus-Specific Antibodies and Its Application in a Study of Seroprevalence in Children

et al. 2006

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Sapoviruses (SVs) are an important cause of acute pediatric gastroenteritis. Due to the lack of appropriate diagnostic methods, the epidemiology of SV-associated illness remains poorly understood. Baculovirus and Escherichia coli expression systems were evaluated for the development of antibody detection enzyme immunoassays (EIA). Age-related antibody prevalence in children was studied using the new EIA. Because of the low yield of the baculovirus system, the E. coli-expressed SV capsid proteins were used to develop the EIA. The antigenic specificities of the E. coli-expressed SV capsid proteins were demonstrated using hyperimmune antisera raised in animals and sera collected from patients. A high prevalence (>90%) of antibodies to both SV (strain Mex340) and norovirus (strain VA387) was observed in children involved in a birth cohort at 20 to 24 months of age; however, at 1 to 3 months of age, <25% of the children possessed anti-SV antibodies versus >90% with anti-NV antibodies. The E. coli-derived SV proteins are an excellent source of antigens for the EIA. SV infection is common in the first 2 years of life. The low prevalence of maternal antibodies detected in Mexican children against SVs in this study is unique and needs to be addressed in future studies.The family Caliciviridae consists of four genera, Norovirus (NV), Sapovirus (SV), Lagovirus, and Vesivirus, from which NV and SV cause disease mainly in humans and therefore are also referred to as human caliciviruses (HuCVs) (9). NVs are the leading cause of epidemic gastroenteritis, often causing large water-or food-borne outbreaks in all ages, while SVs are implicated mainly in pediatric gastroenteritis. In a study among Mexican children, we found that 19% of the sporadic acute gastroenteritis cases were associated with HuCVs and over a third of these were caused by SVs (8). Pang et al. reported 20% and 9% detection rates for NVs and SVs, respectively, in stool specimens of children with acute gastroenteritis in Finland (31,32). It is generally accepted that SV gastroenteritis is less severe than that of rotavirus or NV; however, SVs have been detected in 1 to 3% of stool specimens collected from children hospitalized with gastroenteritis, indicating that SVs can cause severe illness (34,38,47). Also, with the increasing awareness of SV gastroenteritis and improved diagnostic methods, SVs were recently implicated in several gastroenteritis outbreaks in adult populations (22,43).Because of the lack of a suitable animal model and tissue culture system for the propagation of HuCVs (5), the study of these pathogens has advanced slowly since the description of the prototype Norwalk and Sapporo viruses in the 1970s (3, 23). The cloning and genomic characterization of the Norwalk virus (14) and subsequently other HuCVs opened the way for the development of diagnostic techniques, such as reverse transcription-PCR (16) and enzyme immunoassays (EIA) utilizing recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs) (15, 17). These techniques proved to be superior to previously use...

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“…Previous studies show that the most important infectious agents are group A rotavirus, bovine coronavirus, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella species and Cryptosporidia either singly or in combination (Moestl et al, 1984;Waltner-Toews et al, 1986;Steiner et al, 1997). However, additional agents can play a role in enteric diseases, such as bovine torovirus, parvovirus, pestivirus, calicivirus, astrovirus, adenovirus (Durham et al, 1989;Brown et al, 1990;Elschner, 1995;Deng et al, 2003), Eimeria spp., Giardia, Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter, Proteus and Klebsiella (Snodgrass et al, 1986;Schulze, 1992). Bacterial infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in large animal neonates (Fecteau et al, 1997).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of virulence factors in Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic and healthy calves in Austria shedding various enteropathogenic agents

Herrera-Luna¹,

Klein²,

Lapan³

et al. 2009

Vet. Med. - Czech

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Faecal samples from 230 diarrhoeic and healthy calves aged 0-6 weeks, from 100 farms in Austria, were examined between October 2004 and February 2005 for the presence of bacteria, especially Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), viruses and parasites. Escherichia coli was detected in 17% of all the faecal samples and was more prevalent in healthy calves. However, E. coli F5 was identified only in one calf without diarrhoea. Overall, 35 out of the 230 (15.2%) samples analyzed carried the Shiga toxin gene: stx1, stx2 or both stx1 and stx2 in their faeces, STEC. Nevertheless, out of 39 pathogenic E. coli positive samples observed, only two carried the Shiga toxin genes: stx1, in a diarrhoeic calf and both stx1 and stx2 in a healthy calf. eaeA and Ehly genes were detected more frequently in the strains from diarrhoeic calves 57.1% and 50.0%, respectively. Clostridium perfringens was detected in twenty-one samples, the most prevalent toxin type of Clostridium perfringens was found to be type A (76.2%). Other bacteria such as Klebsiella spp. and Proteus spp. were present in 1.3% and 0.4% of all samples. Salmonella spp. was not detected. The detection rates of other enteropathogens were 25.7% bovine coronavirus, 11.7% Cryptosporidium spp., 10.4% Eimeria spp., 9.1% group A rotavirus and Giardia spp. 6.1%. We demonstrated the presence of the STEC virulence genes in healthy and diarrhoeic Austrian calves but the importance of the virulence factors of STEC (stx1, stx2, eae and Ehly) in calf diarrhoea and systemic disease is not well defined. Therefore, further studies are necessary to identify reservoirs or potential sources of virulent STEC strains in order to establish control and prevention strategies for STEC associated diseases in animals and humans.

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Studies of Epidemiology and Seroprevalence of Bovine Noroviruses in Germany

Cited by 49 publications

References 31 publications

Porcine enteric caliciviruses: Genetic and antigenic relatedness to human caliciviruses, diagnosis and epidemiology

Porcine enteric caliciviruses: Genetic and antigenic relatedness to human caliciviruses, diagnosis and epidemiology

Development of an Enzyme Immunoassay for Detection of Sapovirus-Specific Antibodies and Its Application in a Study of Seroprevalence in Children

Characterization of virulence factors in Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic and healthy calves in Austria shedding various enteropathogenic agents

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