Studies of fire debris from bomb blasts using ion chromatography, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and fluorescence measurements – evidence of ammonium nitrate, wax-based explosives and identification of a biomarker

A Fast Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometric Analysis of PETN (Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate), RDX (3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane) and HMX (Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine) in Soil, Utilizing a Simple Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction with Minimum Solvent

“…38 Metals as iron, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese, chromium, cobalt and nickel 39 may exist partially as oxides, hydroxides and partially as reduced in the soil. Possibly because of this complexity, LC-MS/MS analysis methods, especially of direct analysis in soil, are very limited in the literature, and require complex procedures or high amount of solvent.…”

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“…Because of that, extra precaution on sample preparation is needed for every process. The detectors used combined with GC are electron capture detection (ECD) [30,74,77], thermal energy analyzer (TEA) [78,79], mass spectrometry (MS) [71,80,81], and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) [82,83]. Although ECD is less selective than TEA or MS, it is a sensitive means of detecting nitroaromatic base explosives [55].…”

ANFO vapour detection with conducting polymer percolation network sensors and GC/MS

“…Next, the components are broken down into ionised fragments which are then separated based on their mass-to-charge ratio. 18 It is a technique regularly employed by forensic scientists, to identify unknowns in fire and explosive investigations, 19,20 for drugs detection, 21 for environmental analysis to assess levels of NOx in the atmosphere or pollutants in ecosystems, 22 as well as NH 3 detection. 23,24…”