Studies of immune responses during recovery from Sindbis virus encephalitis in selectively reconstituted, thymectomized, lethally irradiated mice

Park, M M; Griffin, Diane E.; Johnson, Richard T.

doi:10.1128/iai.34.1.306-309.1981

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 18 publications

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“…IgG is not detected in the CNS until 10 to 14 days and then steadily increases during the gradual clearance of viral RNA 2 to 8 weeks after infection (6,7). In addition, athymic nu/nu mice and thymectomized mice that produce IgM but little to no IgG can clear infectious virus from the brain as quickly as wild-type (WT) mice (17)(18)(19).…”

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confidence: 99%

Germ Line IgM Is Sufficient, but Not Required, for Antibody-Mediated Alphavirus Clearance from the Central Nervous System

Nilaratanakul

Chen

Tran

et al. 2018

J Virol

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Sindbis virus (SINV) infection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord in mice provides a model system for investigating recovery from encephalomyelitis and antibody-mediated clearance of virus from the central nervous system (CNS). To determine the roles of IgM and IgG in recovery, we compared the responses of immunoglobulin-deficient activation-induced adenosine deaminase-deficient (AID), secretory IgM-deficient (sIgM), and AID sIgM double-knockout (DKO) mice with those of wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice for disease, clearance of infectious virus and viral RNA from brain and spinal cord, antibody responses, and B cell infiltration into the CNS. Because AID is essential for immunoglobulin class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation, AID mice produce only germ line IgM, while sIgM mice secrete IgG but no IgM and DKO mice produce no secreted immunoglobulin. After intracerebral infection with the TE strain of SINV, most mice recovered. Development of neurologic disease occurred slightly later in sIgM mice, but disease severity, weight loss, and survival were similar between the groups. AID mice produced high levels of SINV-specific IgM, while sIgM mice produced no IgM and high levels of IgG2a compared to WT mice. All mice cleared infectious virus from the spinal cord, but DKO mice failed to clear infectious virus from brain and had higher levels of viral RNA in the CNS late after infection. The numbers of infected cells and the amount of cell death in brain were comparable. We conclude that antibody is required and that either germ line IgM or IgG is sufficient for clearance of virus from the CNS. Mosquito-borne alphaviruses that infect neurons can cause fatal encephalomyelitis. Recovery requires a mechanism for the immune system to clear virus from infected neurons without harming the infected cells. Antiviral antibody has previously been shown to be a noncytolytic means for alphavirus clearance. Antibody-secreting cells enter the nervous system after infection and produce antiviral IgM before IgG. Clinical studies of human viral encephalomyelitis suggest that prompt production of IgM is associated with recovery, but it was not known whether IgM is effective for clearance. Our studies used mice deficient in production of IgM, IgG, or both to characterize the antibody necessary for alphavirus clearance. All mice developed similar signs of neurologic disease and recovered from infection. Antibody was necessary for virus clearance from the brain, and either early germ line IgM or IgG was sufficient. These studies support the clinical observation that prompt production of antiviral antibody is a determinant of outcome.

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confidence: 99%