Studies of seasonal changes in the microbial populations on the phyllosphere of spring wheat as a prelude to the release of a genetically modified microorganism

Legard, D. E.; McQuilken, M. P.; Whipps, J. M.; Fenlon, J. S.; Fermor, T. R.; Thompson, Ian P.; Bailey, Mark; Lynch, J. M.

doi:10.1016/0167-8809(94)90128-7

Cited by 69 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Of the other two bacterial isolates from the original fungal culture one was identified as P. marginalis, which has previously been recorded from wheat leaves (Legard et al, 1994), the other as S. multivorum, which has not apparently been recorded from wheat leaves.…”

Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…But, of the few published studies describing the microflora of wheat leaves, only a relatively small number species have been recorded. Of these, the most common were species of Pseudomonas (Legard et al, 1994). More information on the typical flora of wheat leaves at all stages of growth would be helpful.…”

Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is not unexpected because it is known to be a weak pathogen of dicot plants (Bergey's Manual, 1994). Furthermore, Legard et al (1994) isolated this organism from 35% of their field samples from spring-grown wheat and it was present in samples from all growth stages including the flag leaf, ear and seed. This organism was formerly classified as Pseudomonas maltophilia and is recorded as being strongly lipolytic (Bergey's Manual) which accords with our own findings.…”

Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bacteria associated with Stagonospora (Septoria) nodorum increase pathogenicity of the fungus

et al. 1999

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In studies with a laboratory isolate of the fungal pathogen Stagonospora (Septoria) nodorum three different isolates of bacteria were closely associated with the fungus. Bacteria were also closely associated with fresh isolates of S. nodorum obtained from artificially and naturally infected field material. Although a range of bacteria was isolated, only one type of bacterium was found to be associated with each isolate of S. nodorum. In co-inoculation studies with pycnidiospores of the fungus on detached leaves, some of the bacterial isolates significantly increased the pathogenicity of the fungus, particularly Xanthomonas maltophilia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, Enterobacter agglomerans and Erwinia amylovora. Evidence is presented indicating that one of the ways that the ' helper bacteria ' may assist in the establishment of infections is by the production of lipases that were not detected in germinating fungal spores.

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Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bacteria associated with Stagonospora (Septoria) nodorum increase pathogenicity of the fungus

et al. 1999

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“…Such laboratory studies help explain the very high rates of acquisition of indigenous mercury resistance plasmids by a genetically marked strain of P. fluorescens after it was introduced onto plant surfaces (65). Given that the communities of bacteria on plants undergo substantial compositional changes during a growing season (24,62,65,113) and that epiphytic bacterial species harbor a diversity of plasmids (63,64,110,111), the potential for extensive mixing of genes in these communities seems large. Together, these observations indicate that compared to other habitats, such as the soil, rates of plasmid transfer on leaves are very high and may make the genetic and phenotypic stability of inocula introduced onto plants unpredictable with time.…”

Section: Interactions Between Bacteria On Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiology of the Phyllosphere

Lindow

Brandl

2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

1,818

1,418

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2The above-ground parts of plants are normally colonized by a variety of bacteria, yeasts, and fungi. While a few microbial species can be isolated from within plant tissues, many more are recovered from the surfaces of healthy plants. The aerial habitat colonized by these microbes is termed the phyllosphere, and the inhabitants are called epiphytes. While there has been some investigation of the colonists of buds and flowers (1, 48), most work on phyllosphere microbiology has focused on leaves, a more dominant aerial plant structure. Bacteria are by far the most numerous colonists of leaves, often being found in numbers averaging 10 6 to 10 7 cells/cm 2 (up to 10 8 cells/g) of leaf (1,7,41). Because of their numerical dominance on leaves, and because more information is available on the process of bacterial colonization of leaves, we focus on this group of microbes in this review.Compared to most other bacterial habitats, there has been relatively little examination of phyllosphere microbiology. This is somewhat surprising given the abundance of plants in the world and the roles of various phyllosphere bacteria in the important processes discussed below. Leaves constitute a very large microbial habitat. It is estimated that the terrestrial leaf surface area that might be colonized by microbes is about 6.4 ϫ 10 8 km 2 (83). Given the large number of bacteria on leaves in temperate regions of the world and that populations in tropical regions are probably even larger, the planetary phyllosphere bacterial population may be as large as 10 26 cells (83). Clearly, in aggregate, these bacteria are sufficiently numerous to contribute in many processes of importance to global processes, as well as to the behavior of the individual plants on which they live.In the following sections we review available information on the identities and properties of the bacterial colonists of plant surfaces as well as describe the nature of the leaf surface habitat that these bacteria colonize. We emphasize the results of studies using new molecular and microscopic tools that have provided new insights into both the identity and the behavior of epiphytes, as well as into the nature of the plant surfaces that they inhabit. Also, we review recent studies of the interactions of various epiphytic bacteria with plants, which suggest that there is much more interaction between them than in a strict commensalistic relationship, in which they have been traditionally considered to coexist. The interactions that occur between bacteria on leaves have also received considerable attention. We attempt to illustrate how new approaches to defining the nature of leaf surface habitats have helped us to understand the behavior and interactions of epiphytic bacteria as well as why leaves are a particularly suitable habitat for exploring processes in microbial ecology. More comprehensive reviews of phyllosphere microbiology also address other important features of this interesting association (1,7,8,41,47,55,73). MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES ON LEAVESThe microbial ...

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“…Several ecological studies have shown that this group forms a significant part of bacterial communities of a number of plant species (Austin et al, 1978 ;Bell et al, 1995 ;Ercolani, 1991 ;Legard et al, 1994 ;McInroy & Kloepper, 1995 ;Thompson et al, 1993). Because of difficulties in taxonomic characterization on the basis of phenotypic features, most of the isolated strains have been identified at the genus level or affiliated to Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens and Clavibacter michiganensis without further specification at the subspecies or pathovar level.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity of grass-associated Microbacteriaceae isolated from the phyllosphere and litter layer after mulching the sward; polyphasic characterization of Subtercola pratensis sp. nov., Curtobacterium herbarum sp. nov. and Plantibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. nov.

Behrendt¹,

Ulrich²,

Schümann³

et al. 2002

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

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Studies of seasonal changes in the microbial populations on the phyllosphere of spring wheat as a prelude to the release of a genetically modified microorganism

Cited by 69 publications

References 15 publications

Bacteria associated with Stagonospora (Septoria) nodorum increase pathogenicity of the fungus

Bacteria associated with Stagonospora (Septoria) nodorum increase pathogenicity of the fungus

Microbiology of the Phyllosphere

Diversity of grass-associated Microbacteriaceae isolated from the phyllosphere and litter layer after mulching the sward; polyphasic characterization of Subtercola pratensis sp. nov., Curtobacterium herbarum sp. nov. and Plantibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. nov.

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