Experiment 1 examined male Swiss-Webster, C57, and DBA mice that were housed individually or grouped for 2 weeks and subsequently presented with ovariectomized, estrogenprimed, progesterone-treated females. Within each strain, social isolates showed more mounts, intromissions, and ejaculations and shorter latencies to first mount and intromission. Experiment 2 involved a similar comparison of isolated and grouped male rats, hamsters, and gerbils. Isolation produced no major effect in hamsters but reduced performance in rats and gerbils. The results suggest that facilitation of sexual action patterns by isolation is characteristic of the mouse species: Response decrements with postpubertal isolation in the ratresemble effects of prepubertal isolation in this species. These species differences may parallel differences in physiology and social behavior.In previous investigations (deCatanzaro & Gorzalka, 1979, Note 1;, it has been found that male CD-l house mice housed postpubertally in social isolation show increased sexual performance relative to group-housed male mice. Social isolation increases several measures of sexual performance regardless of sexual experience or amount of housing space allotted per animal. This differential performance of isolated and grouped mice reverses when the housing conditions are reversed. Differences between grouped and isolated mice in male-female interactions correlate with differences in intermale interactions, where isolates show higher levels of aggression. Facilitation of sexual performance occurs in male mice after remarkably short (l2-24-h) as well as long (4-week) periods of social isolation. Inhibition of performance in grouped animals does not relate to intermale mounting, but may depend upon the occurrence of intermale aggression among grouped male mice. Adrenalectomy prevents facilitation of male sexual behavior by isolation, suggesting pituitary-adrenal hormone involvement in the phenomenon.The present study examined the strain and species generality of isolation/grouping differences in male sexual performance. Because of cross-species variation in social structure, various social arrangements may