Studies of the Jh and 2060 Viruses and Their Relationship to Mild Upper Respiratory Disease in Humans1

Price, Winston H.; Emerson, Hope; Ibler, Irene; Lachaine, R.; Terrell, Andrew M.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119997

Cited by 18 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…The M strains appear to be better antigens so that the figure of 89 % for HGP reflects a high prevalence of this strain at some time in the past. The figure of 35 % for ECHO 28 is of the same order as that found by Price, Emerson, Ibler, Lachaine & Terrell (1959) who reported the presence of neutralizing antibody in 5 % of children under 5 years of age rising to 35 % in the 6-12 age group and to 63 % in the 25-35 age group.…”

supporting

confidence: 83%

Viruses from the common cold. A survey in Royal Air Force recruits on arrival from civilian life

et al. 1963

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Twenty-three strains of rhinovirus were isolated from 102 patients who had common colds on arrival at a Royal Air Force recruit centre during a 6-month period from June to November, 1960. Three of these strains were M type rhino-viruses similar to ECHO 28 virus. Twenty strains were H type rhinoviruses which fell into six or more different antigenic types. Two of these types were similar to the prototypes Sal/1/58/H and Sheffield/1/60/H. Three types were antigenically distinct from those previously reported in this country and several strains are still unclassified. Other human respiratory viruses were not isolated from common colds occurring at this time among the population studied.We are indebted to the Senior Medical Officer of R.A.F. Cardington for providing facilities for the investigation, to Squadron Leader M. Shearer for his help in collecting convalescent blood specimens, and to the Director-General of the Royal Air Force Medical Service for permission to publish this paper.We wish to acknowledge the excellent technical assistance of Miss Ann Deacon. We should also like to thank Dr H. E. M. Kay of the Royal Marsden Hospital for supplying human embryo kidney.

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confidence: 83%

Viruses from the common cold. A survey in Royal Air Force recruits on arrival from civilian life

et al. 1963

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“…Although polio viruses, and many other enteroviruses, have been recovered from the pharynx, available information indicates that many of them multiply for longer periods in the intestine. This is not the case for ECHO 28 virus, however, an agent that has also been associated with respiratory illness (32)(33)(34). Another possible exception is Coxsackie B-2 virus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Respiratory Disease in Normal Volunteers Associated With Coxsackie a-21 Viral Infection. Iii. Response to Nasopharyngeal and Enteric Inoculation

Spickard¹,

Evans²,

Knight³

et al. 1963

J. Clin. Invest.

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Parsons. Bynoe, Pereira, and Tyrrell (8) conducted a volunteer study using Coxsackie A-2 1 virus and showed that this agent could produce a mild upper respiratory illness in young adults after an incubation period of 2 to 4 days. Virus was detected in pharyngeal specimens over a 6-day period of observation, but was less often found in fecal specimens. In two recent reports (5, 6), Coxsackie A-21 virus was associated with mild upper respiratory illness in military personnel at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. Virus was readily recovered from pharyngeal specimens of ill recruits, and significant rises in neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies were demonstrated.The evidence that this agent was a cause of human disease suggested the need for additional knowledge of its effects in man. Accordingly, studies were made in normal volunteers in which virus was administered by the nasopharyngeal route, or directly into the intestinal tract in subjects with no, intermediate, or high titers of homologous antibody. The study revealed that nasopharyngeal inoculation of subjects without measurable prechallenge antibody was followed by a systemic illness with fever and myalgia that was more severe when the inoculum was large. The presence of intermediate amounts of antibody before inoculation was associated with a syndrome of common cold, whereas men with high titers exhibited no illness. It was also found that the agent, although designated an enterovirus, was isolated most frequently from throat swabs. This finding was confirmed when it was found that direct intestinal inoculation produced only transient infection and no illness or antibody response. These findings are described in the following report. METHODS1 %olhteers. The men who participated in these experiments were volunteers from several federal correctional institutions. Selection was based on willingness to participate, good health, and on the presence of a suitable level of antibody to Coxsackie A-21 for a particular experiment.Clinical studies. Men were confined 3 per room for 3 to 4 days before and 3 weeks after viral inoculation. Examinations of the volunteers were made twice daily by two physicians who were unaware of the virus to be given, or of the antibody status of individual volunteers. Diagnosis of illness was made in a volunteer only by mutual agreement of both examiners. Oral temperatures were taken four times a day, and significant fever was considered to be any temperature greater than 37.50 C (99.50 F). Initial preinoculation leukocyte counts, sedimentation rate, and hemoglobin determination were obtained and then repeated on days 1, 2, 3, 5 to 9, and 12 to 15 after inoculation. A urine analysis was performed before and once after inoculation. Studies of liver function including bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, transaminase, Bromsulphalein retention, thymol turbidity, and cephalin flocculation were made before and 3 days after inoculation. Electrocardiograms and chest roentgeno-840

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“…In 1959, Price et al (224) (195) found that rhinovirus infectivity titers were higher in rolled than in nonrolled cultures. In addition, rolled secondary monkey kidney cell cultures developed maximal CPE in one-half the time of nonrolled secondary cultures; however, viral yields were no different in secondary cell cultures that were rolled and those that were not rolled.…”

Section: Centrifugation Of Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical and chemical methods for enhancing rapid detection of viruses and other agents

Hughes

1993

Clin Microbiol Rev

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Viral replication events can be enhanced by physical, chemical, or heat treatment of cells. The centrifugation of cells can stimulate them to proliferate, reduce their generation times, and activate gene expression. Human endothelial cells can be activated to release cyclo-oxygenase metabolites after rocking for 5 min, and mechanical stress can stimulate endothelial cells to proliferate. Centrifugation of virus-infected cultures can increase cytopathic effects (CPE), enhance the number of infected cells, increase viral yields, and reduce viral detection times and may increase viral isolation rates. The rolling of virus-infected cells also has an effect similar to that of centrifugation. The continuous rolling of virus-infected cultures at < or = 2.0 rpm can enhance enterovirus, rhinovirus, reovirus, rotavirus, paramyxovirus, herpesvirus, and vaccinia virus CPE or yields or both. For some viruses, the continuous rolling of infected cell cultures at 96 rpm (1.9 x g) is superior to rolling at 2.0 rpm for viral replication or CPE production. In addition to centrifugation and rolling, the treatment of cells with chemicals or heat can also enhance viral yields or CPE. For example, the treatment of virus-infected cells with dimethyl sulfoxide can enhance viral transformation, increase plaque numbers and plaque size, increase the number of cells producing antigens, and increase viral yields. The infectivity of fowl plague virus is increased by 80-fold when 4% dimethyl sulfoxide is added to culture medium immediately after infection. The heat shocking of virus-infected cells also has been shown to have a stimulatory effect on the replication events of cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and human immunodeficiency virus. The effects of motion, chemicals, or heat treatments on viral replication are not well understood. These treatments apparently activate cells to make them more permissive to viral infection and viral replication. Perhaps heat shock proteins or stress proteins are a common factor for this enhancement phenomenon. The utility of these treatments alone or in combination with other methods for enhancing viral isolation and replication in a diagnostic setting needs further investigation.

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Studies of the Jh and 2060 Viruses and Their Relationship to Mild Upper Respiratory Disease in Humans1

Cited by 18 publications

References 0 publications

Viruses from the common cold. A survey in Royal Air Force recruits on arrival from civilian life

Viruses from the common cold. A survey in Royal Air Force recruits on arrival from civilian life

Acute Respiratory Disease in Normal Volunteers Associated With Coxsackie a-21 Viral Infection. Iii. Response to Nasopharyngeal and Enteric Inoculation

Physical and chemical methods for enhancing rapid detection of viruses and other agents

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