Studies of the Lumbar Vertebral End-plate Region in the Pig

Törner, Marianne; Holm, Sture

doi:10.3109/03009738509178481

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Moreover, NCs were more sensitive than MNPCs to nutrient deprivation Discs with NCs and those with MNPCs also differed in details of end plate structure, another factor important in regulating nutrient supply and hence local solute concentrations in the disc (16,27,36,37). The porcine end plate was highly porous (Figure 5A), in concordance with previous reports (38), whereas vascular channels of the bovine discs were smaller ( Figure 5B); the blood vessel contact area of bovine discs was only ϳ50% of that of the porcine discs. A very limited number of observations in the literature indicate that the observation can be extended more generally that discs with NCs have a greater marrow contact area than discs with MNPCs.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Notochordal intervertebral disc cells: Sensitivity to nutrient deprivation

Guehring

Wilde

Sumner

et al. 2009

Arthritis & Rheumatism

119

164

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Objective. The nucleus pulposus (NP) of the intervertebral disc develops from the notochord. Humans and other species in which notochordal cells (NCs) disappear to be replaced by chondrocyte-like mature NP cells (MNPCs) frequently develop disc degeneration, unlike other species that retain NCs. The reasons for NC disappearance are unknown. In humans, the change in cell phenotype (to MNPCs) coincides with changes that decrease nutrient supply to the avascular disc. We undertook this study to test the hypothesis that the consequent nutrient stress could be associated with NC disappearance.Methods. We measured cell densities and metabolic rates in 3-dimensional cultures of porcine NCs and bovine MNPCs, and we determined survival rates under conditions of nutrient deprivation. We used scanning electron microscopy to examine end plate porosity of discs with NCs and those with MNPCs. Nutrientmetabolite profiles and cell viability were calculated as a function of cell density and disc size in a consumption/ diffusion mathematical model.Results. NCs were more active metabolically and more susceptible to nutrient deprivation than were MNPCs. Hypoxia increased rates of glycolysis in NCs but not in MNPCs. Higher end plate porosity in discs with NCs suggested greater nutrient supply in keeping with higher nutritional demands. Mathematical simulations and experiments using an analog disc diffusion chamber indicated that a fall in nutrient concentrations resulting from increased diffusion distance during growth and/or a fall in blood supply through end plate changes could instigate NC disappearance.Conclusion. NCs demand more energy and are less resistant to nutritional stress than MNPCs, which may shed light on the fate of NCs in humans. This provides important information about prospective NC tissue engineering approaches.The intervertebral discs are cartilaginous structures interspersed between the vertebral bodies, providing flexibility to the spinal column. They consist of 3 regions: the outer annulus fibrosus (AF) surrounding the inner nucleus pulposus (NP) and a thin hyaline cartilaginous end plate lying between the disc and the adjacent vertebral bodies. The AF and NP differ in developmental origin, with the annulus arising from the mesenchyme and the nucleus from the notochord (1,2). During development the highly hydrated NP is populated by clusters of large vacuolated notochordal cells (NCs) of distinct molecular phenotype (2,3). In humans and some other species (e.g., cattle, chondrodystrophoid dogs) but not in others (e.g., rodents, pigs), NCs disappear before maturity to be replaced by chondrocyte-like cells of unknown provenance (here called mature NP cells [MNPCs]), which synthesize a more collagenous and less hydrated matrix (1,4-6).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Notochordal intervertebral disc cells: Sensitivity to nutrient deprivation

Guehring

Wilde

Sumner

et al. 2009

Arthritis & Rheumatism

119

164

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“…3). There are certain differences concerning the porcine endplates [5,29,38] which do not ossify as an anular ring apophysis (Randleiste [5]) but as an epiphyseal-like formation with ossification starting in its center. In the minipig as in other quadrupeds, the vertebral body and endplate are separated by a cartilaginous growth plate that remains open to the third year of life.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the results presented, our degeneration model can be recommended because of its good reproducibility, efficiency and practicability at a reasonable expense -minipigs are easily available, their physiological reactions are well described [13,18], and the pig's proteoglycan and vertebral structure is somewhat similar to man [37,38]. Its implications can (with some restrictions) be transferred to the human lumbar spine: similar biomechanical, gross morphological, histological and radiological changes as with human DDD were generally proven.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degeneration model of the porcine lumbar motion segment: effects of various intradiscal procedures

et al. 1994

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In an experimental study with 18 minipigs, we have tried to establish a model for the standardized evaluation of mechanical, histological and radiological phenomena of degenerative and reparative processes within the lumbar motion segment. Comparing different operative techniques revealed that the intradiscal application of hyaluronic acid into the nuclear defect is likely to enhance the regeneration process. Using the measurement of disc compliance, a semiautomatic picture analyzer and a new semiquantitative disc score could make future studies more comparable. From this basis, the intradiscal application of hyaluronic acid deserves further evaluation.

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“…Although basic geometries have been documented, anatomical details are still insufficient. For example, CEP-thickness for dog, 152 pig, 153 and human 154 were reported, but not for goat and sheep, and these may be important when selecting models for investigation of IVD nutrient transport. Furthermore, potential damage to the CEP (eg, due to freezing or enzymes 155,156 ) and its role in degeneration needs to be further investigated.…”

Section: Perspective-future Outlookmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive tool box for large animal studies of intervertebral disc degeneration

et al. 2021

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Preclinical studies involving large animal models aim to recapitulate the clinical situation as much as possible and bridge the gap from benchtop to bedside. To date, studies investigating intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and regeneration in large animal models have utilized a wide spectrum of methodologies for outcome evaluation. This paper aims to consolidate available knowledge, expertise, and experience in large animal preclinical models of IVD degeneration to create a comprehensive tool box of anatomical and functional outcomes. Herein, we present a Large Animal IVD Scoring Algorithm based on three scales: macroscopic (gross morphology, imaging, and biomechanics), microscopic (histological, biochemical, and biomolecular analyses), and clinical (neurologic state, mobility, and pain). The proposed algorithm encompasses a stepwise evaluation on all three scales, including spinal pain assessment, and relevant structural and functional components of IVD health and disease. This comprehensive tool box was designed for four commonly used preclinical large animal models (dog, pig, goat, and sheep) in order to facilitate standardization and applicability. Furthermore, it is intended to facilitate comparison across studies while discerning relevant differences between species within the context of outcomes with the Naomi N. Lee and Elias Salzer, contributed equally (shared first authorship); Julie B. Engiles and Marianna A. Tryfonidou contributed equally (shared last authorship)

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Studies of the Lumbar Vertebral End-plate Region in the Pig

Cited by 3 publications

References 8 publications

Notochordal intervertebral disc cells: Sensitivity to nutrient deprivation

Notochordal intervertebral disc cells: Sensitivity to nutrient deprivation

Degeneration model of the porcine lumbar motion segment: effects of various intradiscal procedures

A comprehensive tool box for large animal studies of intervertebral disc degeneration

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