Studies of the Role of the Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation in the Control of Head‐Restrained and Head‐Unrestrained Gaze Shifts

Sparks, David L.; Barton, Ellen J.; Gandhi, Neeraj J.; Nelson, Jon S.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02811.x

Cited by 36 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…8) as found for head movements during gaze shifts evoked by higher stimulation currents in a number of species (owls: du Lac and Knudsen 1990;cats: Paré et al 1994;monkeys: Freedman et al 1996). Phenomena similar to HOMs in monkeys have been described qualitatively before following stimulation of the SC (Cowie and Robinson 1994;Freedman et al 1996), frontal eye fields (Tu and Keating 2000), and supplementary eye fields (Sparks et al 2001), and a recent study in cats reported that HOMs can be evoked by low-intensity stimulation of the SC (Pélisson et al 2001). While the prevalence of sites from which HOMs were evoked might be surprising considering they had not been quantitatively analyzed before, recall our use of prolonged low current stimulation was predicated on the discovery of EMG sites in the restrained preparation (Corneil et al 2002).…”

Section: Head-only Movementsmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Furthermore, the velocity at which neck muscles contract complicates the interpretation of the seemingly smooth head movement that accompanies sequential gaze shifts evoked by prolonged stimulation trains (Freedman et al 1996;Stryker and Schiller 1975) because any transient EMG responses linked to the onset of sequential gaze shifts would be delivered to muscles that are actively shortening, consequently developing less force. Considerations of biomechanics and the muscle kinetics are more than a historical issue and apply to a contemporary debate regarding whether frontal cortex stimulation drives head move-ments either during the evoked gaze shift or not (Sparks et al 2001;Tu and Keating 2000). Recording neck muscle EMG circumvents such concerns by directly measuring the neural signal issued to the head plant.…”

Section: Considerations Of Head Biomechanics and The Kinetics Of Muscmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neck Muscle Responses to Stimulation of Monkey Superior Colliculus. II. Gaze Shift Initiation and Volitional Head Movements

Corneil

Olivier

Munoz

2002

Journal of Neurophysiology

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We report neck muscle activity and head movements evoked by electrical stimulation of the superior colliculus (SC) in head-unrestrained monkeys. Recording neck electromyography (EMG) circumvents complications arising from the head's inertia and the kinetics of muscle force generation and allows precise assessment of the neuromuscular drive to the head plant. This study served two main purposes. First, we sought to test the predictions made in the companion paper of a parallel drive from the SC onto neck muscles. Low-current, long-duration stimulation evoked both neck EMG responses and head movements either without or prior to gaze shifts, testifying to a SC drive to neck muscles that is independent of gaze-shift initiation. However, gaze-shift initiation was linked to a transient additional EMG response and head acceleration, confirming the presence of a SC drive to neck muscles that is dependent on gaze-shift initiation. We forward a conceptual neural architecture and suggest that this parallel drive provides the oculomotor system with the flexibility to orient the eyes and head independently or together, depending on the behavioral context. Second, we compared the EMG responses evoked by SC stimulation to those that accompanied volitional head movements. We found characteristic features in the underlying pattern of evoked neck EMG that were not observed during volitional head movements in spite of the seemingly natural kinematics of evoked head movements. These features included reciprocal patterning of EMG activity on the agonist and antagonist muscles during stimulation, a poststimulation increase in the activity of antagonist muscles, and synchronously evoked responses on agonist and antagonist muscles regardless of initial horizontal head position. These results demonstrate that the electrically evoked SC drive to the head cannot be considered as a neural replicate of the SC drive during volitional head movements and place important new constraints on the interpretation of electrically evoked head movements.

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Section: Head-only Movementsmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Considerations Of Head Biomechanics and The Kinetics Of Muscmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neck Muscle Responses to Stimulation of Monkey Superior Colliculus. II. Gaze Shift Initiation and Volitional Head Movements

Corneil

Olivier

Munoz

2002

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…We can be confident that analogous visual responses are not developed on extraocular muscles. Momentary changes in the activity of extraocular motoneurons are sufficient to produce detectable eye motion (Sparks et al. , 2002), and the duration of the visual response on neck muscles was ∼20 ms (equivalent to the duration of a 2–3° saccade).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuromuscular recruitment related to stimulus presentation and task instruction during the anti-saccade task

Chapman,

Corneil

2010

European Journal of Neuroscience

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The contextual control of movement requires the transformation of sensory information into appropriate actions, guided by task-appropriate rules. Previous conceptualizations of the sensorimotor transformations underlying anti-saccades (look away from a stimulus) have suggested that stimulus location is first registered and subsequently transformed into its mirror location before being relayed to the motor periphery. Here, by recording neck muscle activity in monkeys performing anti-saccades, we demonstrate that stimulus presentation induces a transient recruitment of the neck muscle synergy used to turn the head in the wrong direction, even though subjects subsequently looked away from the stimulus correctly. Such stimulus-driven aspects of recruitment developed essentially at reflexive latencies (∼60-70 ms after stimulus presentation), and persisted at modest eccentricities regardless of head-restraint. Prior to stimulus presentation, neck muscle activity also reflected whether the animals were preparing for an anti-saccade or a pro-saccade (look toward a stimulus). Neck muscle activity prior to erroneous anti-saccades also resembled that observed prior to pro-saccades. These results emphasize a parallel nature to the sensorimotor transformations underlying the anti-saccade task, suggesting that the top-down and bottom-up processes engaged in this task influence the motor periphery. The bottom-up aspects of neck muscle recruitment also fit within the context of recent results from the limb-movement literature, showing that stimulus-driven activation of muscle synergies may be a generalizing strategy in inertial-laden systems.

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“…This has been a controversial issue with respect to eye-head coordination during gaze shifts, and two general classes of models had been proposed to account for the available data: gaze feedback models (Tomlinson 1990;Galiana and Guitton, 1992;Goossens and Van Opstal, 1997) and separate feedback models (Phillips et al, 1995;Freedman, 2001;Sparks et al, 2002). In the first class of models, gaze accuracy is maintained by comparing the desired change in gaze position with the actual gaze displacement, which is calculated from feedback of the ongoing eye and head movements.…”

Section: Feedback and The Control Of Gaze Shiftsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Premotor Correlates of Integrated Feedback Control for Eye–Head Gaze Shifts

Sylvestre

Cullen

2006

J. Neurosci.

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Simple activities like picking up the morning newspaper or catching a ball require finely coordinated movements of multiple body segments. How our brain readily achieves such kinematically complex yet remarkably precise multijoint movements remains a fundamental and unresolved question in neuroscience. Many prevailing theoretical frameworks ensure multijoint coordination by means of integrative feedback control. However, to date, it has proven both technically and conceptually difficult to determine whether the activity of motor circuits is consistent with integrated feedback coding. Here, we tested this proposal using coordinated eye-head gaze shifts as an example behavior. Individual neurons in the premotor network that command saccadic eye movements were recorded in monkeys trained to make voluntary eye-head gaze shifts. Head-movement feedback was experimentally controlled by unexpectedly and transiently altering the head trajectory midflight during a subset of movements. We found that the duration and dynamics of neuronal responses were appropriately updated following head perturbations to preserve global movement accuracy. Perturbation-induced increases in gaze shift durations were accompanied by equivalent changes in response durations so that neuronal activity remained tightly synchronized to gaze shift offset. In addition, the saccadic command signal was updated on-line in response to head perturbations applied during gaze shifts. Nearly instantaneous updating of responses, coupled with longer latency changes in overall discharge durations, indicated the convergence of at least two levels of feedback. We propose that this strategy is likely to have analogs in other motor systems and provides the flexibility required for fine-tuning goal-directed movements.

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Studies of the Role of the Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation in the Control of Head‐Restrained and Head‐Unrestrained Gaze Shifts

Cited by 36 publications

References 29 publications

Neck Muscle Responses to Stimulation of Monkey Superior Colliculus. II. Gaze Shift Initiation and Volitional Head Movements

Neck Muscle Responses to Stimulation of Monkey Superior Colliculus. II. Gaze Shift Initiation and Volitional Head Movements

Neuromuscular recruitment related to stimulus presentation and task instruction during the anti-saccade task

Premotor Correlates of Integrated Feedback Control for Eye–Head Gaze Shifts

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