Studies on Aging and Coprecipitation. XLIV. Aging of Silver Bromide in the Colloidal State<sup>1</sup>

Kolthoff, I. M.; Bowers, Richard C.

doi:10.1021/ja01635a013

Cited by 13 publications

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“…In the absence of sufficient electrolyte to cause flocculation, the error was not reproducible and in most cases much larger than predicted on the basis of ideal homogeneous mixed crystal formation. This is in apparent contradiction to the findings of Kolthoff and coworkers, who observed that chloride ion (9) or radioactive bromide ion (8) in solution exchanges essentially instantaneously with colloidal silver bromide.…”

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“…CONSIDERABLE ERROR Can be incurred in the potentiometric titration of halide mixtures-for example, in the titration of bromide and chloride mixtures, positive errors of from 1 to 20%, depending upon the conditions, have been observed for the bromide end point. This error has generally been attributed to the mixed crystal formation which is known to occur in silver halide systems, or, according to Clark (8), to an adsorption phenomenon.…”

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confidence: 99%

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An Interpretation of the End Point Error in the Potentiometric Titration of Bromide and Chloride Mixtures with Silver Nitrate

Bowers¹,

Hsu²,

Goldman³

1961

Anal. Chem.

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An Interpretation of the End Point Error in the Potentiometric Titration of Bromide and Chloride Mixtures with Silver Nitrate

Bowers¹,

Hsu²,

Goldman³

1961

Anal. Chem.

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“…From eq. [7] Using the values of k = 5 and g = 980 cm/s2, one gets where A is the cross-sectional area of the permeability cell and lzl the difference in the levels of the manometer across the powder bed.…”

Section: ( 2 ) Air-permeability Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The flow meter constant C was evaluated by means of the eq. [7]. A calibrated gas-meter was employed to determine Q .…”

Section: ( 2 ) Air-permeability Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface area of cesium perchlorate

Venkataramana¹,

Krishnan²

1969

Can. J. Chem.

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Specific surface area of cesium perchlorate has been determined by isotopic surface exchange, airpermeability, and microscopic methods. There is agreement between the values of specific surface area evaluated by air-permeability and microscopic methods. The results obtained by the isotopic surface exchange method are reproducible but are significantly greater than those obtained by the other methods, and the difference is attributed to the fact that while air-permeability and microscopic methods measure the external surface area, the surface exchange method measures the total surface area (external as well as internal) of solids.

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“…A number of papers devoted to preparation of different polymorphic forms of MPc under rigid conditions have been published in the literature (the β -polymorphs can be produced by fusion of ureaphthalic anhydride in the presence of trichlorobenzene [7], whereas the α -form can be obtained by dissolution of MPc in concentrated ç 2 SO 4 and further precipitation on ice [8]). The conditions of preparation by crystallization from saturated solutions of stable and metastable polymorphic modifications of macrocycles are unknown, since specific solvation intermolecular interactions of macroheterocyclic molecules with the electron-donor solvents are not studied.…”

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Interaction of zinc(II) tetra-tert-butyl-phthalocyaninate with organic ligands in solution

et al. 2004

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This report is a continuation of the previous studies [1,2] devoted to the development of theoretical fundamentals that can be used to predict the formation of a stable ( β ) or metastable ( α ) polymorphic modification of a metal phthalocyaninate (MPc) in the course of its crystallization from solutions of organic solvents. Practically valuable properties of MPc mainly depend on their polymorphic state. Thus, conductivity of the β -polymorphic form of MPc is several times higher than that of the corresponding α -polymorphic form of MPc [3], which is important for developing new semiconductors, chemo-and gas sensors. The higher solubility of the α -polymorphic modification of MPc [4] as compared to that of the β -polymorphic modification should be taken into consideration when MPc are used as dyes. Today, the β -polymorphic modifications of MPc are produced by heating the crystal samples, but this method is time-and energy-consuming [5]. Moreover, high temperatures can induce thermal destruction of macromolecules or the formation of polymeric structures [6].A number of papers devoted to preparation of different polymorphic forms of MPc under rigid conditions have been published in the literature (the β -polymorphs can be produced by fusion of ureaphthalic anhydride in the presence of trichlorobenzene [7], whereas the α -form can be obtained by dissolution of MPc in concentrated ç 2 SO 4 and further precipitation on ice [8]). The conditions of preparation by crystallization from saturated solutions of stable and metastable polymorphic modifications of macrocycles are unknown, since specific solvation intermolecular interactions of macroheterocyclic molecules with the electron-donor solvents are not studied.This work was undertaken with the aim to study thermodynamic aspects of solvation interactions of MPc with the solvent molecules. The subject under study was zinc(II) tetra-tert -butyl-phthalocyaninate, which is typical representative of coordinatively unsaturated MPc, and electron-donor ligands (hexamethylphosphorictriamide (HMPA), pyridine (Py), piperidine (Pip), morpholine (Morf)) with different physicochemical parameters ( σ -electron-donor and π -acceptor capabilities, polarization properties, and van der Waals volumes). EXPERIMENTAL Zinc(II) tetra-tert -butyl-phthalocyaninate (Zn ( tBu ) 4 êÒ ) was synthesized and purified by the known procedures [9]. Crystal samples were dried to a constant weight in vacuum at 343-353 K in order to remove the solvent molecules. The Zn ( t -Bu ) 4 êÒ purity was monitored by the electronic absorption spectra in benzene corresponding to the literature data [9].The molecular ligands (Py, Pip, Morf) were purified directly before preparation of the tested solutions following the procedure described in [10]. HMPA was dried using the column chromatography on activated Al 2 O 3 and further distillation under vacuum [10]. The special-purity grade benzene was additionally dried over 4 Å molecular sieves and fractionated. The purity of organic solvents was monitored by chromatography...

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Studies on Aging and Coprecipitation. XLIV. Aging of Silver Bromide in the Colloidal State¹

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

An Interpretation of the End Point Error in the Potentiometric Titration of Bromide and Chloride Mixtures with Silver Nitrate

An Interpretation of the End Point Error in the Potentiometric Titration of Bromide and Chloride Mixtures with Silver Nitrate

Surface area of cesium perchlorate

Interaction of zinc(II) tetra-tert-butyl-phthalocyaninate with organic ligands in solution

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Studies on Aging and Coprecipitation. XLIV. Aging of Silver Bromide in the Colloidal State1

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

An Interpretation of the End Point Error in the Potentiometric Titration of Bromide and Chloride Mixtures with Silver Nitrate

An Interpretation of the End Point Error in the Potentiometric Titration of Bromide and Chloride Mixtures with Silver Nitrate

Surface area of cesium perchlorate

Interaction of zinc(II) tetra-tert-butyl-phthalocyaninate with organic ligands in solution

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Studies on Aging and Coprecipitation. XLIV. Aging of Silver Bromide in the Colloidal State¹