Studies on Anti microbial Potential of Non-antibiotics on Resistant Bacteria – A Review

Abstract

The non-chemotherapeutic compounds, synthetic compounds and naturally isolated compounds possess good antimicrobial activity against microbial infections is a well-known fact. In this state the term non-antibiotics is taken to include a variety of pharmacologically active compounds which are useful in the management of pathological conditions of anon-infectious diseases that modify cell permeability and have been shown to exhibit broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. Of the nonantibiotic medicinal compounds, neuroleptic as well as phenothiazine inhibited the extracellular and intracellular efflux pump system and particularly intracellular efflux pumps has been the main research focus in multidrug resistant gram positive and gram negative microorganisms. The increase and spread of drug resistance is exerted by unsystematic usage of antibiotics for prolonged periods and over use of antimicrobials. Antimicrobial agents are inactivated by the following resistance mechanisms. Multi drug efflux pump and alteration of membrane protein are based on the persistence of resistance genes. A review of literature on a number of research articles suggests that some of these and other membrane active compounds improve the activity of conventional antibiotics, eliminate the natural resistance to particular antibiotics, and exhibit good activity against multi drug resistant form of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus. Thus, non-antibiotics particularly anti depressants, antipsychotics, anti-hypertensive agent, anti-spasmodic drug, anti-inflammatory agent and Cardio vascular drug have a significant role in the treatment of microbial infections which had shown their synergistic effect with penicillin and some other antibiotics. These effects would help to reduce the dose of antibiotics to patients suffering from specific bacterial infections.

A Study of Drug Utilization Pattern According to Daily Define Dose in Intensive Care Unit (ICU)s at Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital, India

“…4 It can lead to increased morbidity, mortality, length of hospital stay, and healthcare expenditures. 5,6 Inappropriate use of broad spectrum antimicrobials lead to decreases sensitivity of antimicrobials against microorganisms. Increasing multidrug resistance with limited availability of newer agents there is urgent need for vigilant surveillance, stringent infection control practices, as well as rational anti-biotic prescription.…”

Antibacterial potentiality of antiulcer and antispasmodic drugs with selected antibiotics against methicillin resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>: <i>In vitro</i> and <i>in silico</i> studies

“…When these drugs were used in combination there was an enhancement of the antibacterial capability against Gram (+)ve and Gram (-)ve micro organism. On the Pharmacol 2015;10: 875-883basis of MIC and disc diffusion method the antibacterial activity of mebeverine and troxipide and their following synergistic effect with an antibiotic ampicillin indicated that they act like non-antibiotics diclofenac sodium oxyfedrine omeprazole, ranitidine (Alkuraishy, 2011) dicyclomine (Karak et al, 2003), azelastin (El-Nakeeb et al, 2012;Akilandeswari et al, 2015). However, bacterial growth inhibition for both troxipide and mebeverine was achieved after 36 hours compared with the conventional antibiotics.…”

N-alkylphenothiazines - synthesis, structure and application as ligands in metal complexes

“…Substituted phenothiazines have been used for the preparation of the polymers [13], the solar cells [14,15], biological stains [16], as well as medicaments [12]. They possess antimicrobial [6,[21][22][23][24], anthelmintic [7], antiemetic [8], antihistaminic [8] anticancer properties [2], and they are used in clinical practice more than 50 years as antipsychotics [12,17].…”

“…The killing of intracellular bacteria promoted by phenothiazine can inhibit many transport processes of potassium and calcium pump activation. The increased permeability ensures phenothiazine molecules to reach the DNA, intercalate between the bases, inhibit the entire DNA and hence inhibit transcription and translation processes [21]. The ability of chlorpromazine to cure tuberculosis resulted in a series of in vitro studies that showed that chlorpromazine was more effective antimycobacterial compound than other N-alkylphenothiazines [21][22][23][24].…”

“…The increased permeability ensures phenothiazine molecules to reach the DNA, intercalate between the bases, inhibit the entire DNA and hence inhibit transcription and translation processes [21]. The ability of chlorpromazine to cure tuberculosis resulted in a series of in vitro studies that showed that chlorpromazine was more effective antimycobacterial compound than other N-alkylphenothiazines [21][22][23][24]. Because chronic administration of chlorpromazine is known to produce a wide range of mild-to-severe side effects, the use of this compound in tuberculosis therapy was not seriously considered.…”