Studies on Antibody Production

Abstract

It is the purpose of this paper to draw attention to the very active adjuvant properties of tubercle bacillary wax in potentiating the serum antibody responses to ovalb,rnln, administered as a water-in-oil emulsion, subcutaneously into guinea pigs. Also the morphological effects of the injection of this antigenie mixture, with or without added tubercle bacillary wax, are described.The usefulness of the Freund-type adjuvants in which the antigen is incorporated into the watery phase of a water-in-oil emulsion, the oily phase of which contains added killed myeobacteria, is now firmly established. The knowledge concerning their action and the realization of their usefulness has accumulated from many sources, some of which are quite unrelated to one another. Lewis and Loomis (1, 2) observed that living, virulent tubercle bacilli, injected into the peritoneal cavity of guinea pigs, enhanced antibody formation to various antigens subsequently introduced by the same route. This report led to many attempts to substitute killed mycobacteria for the living organisms, owing to the dangers and inconvenience of the latter. But killed bacteria are ineffective in this respect if administered in a watery medium. Coulaud 0) later demonstrated that persistent and intense skin sensitization could be produced in rabbits providing the killed mycobacteria were incorporated into melted paraffin. Many subsequent publications were devoted to various aspects of the relationship of paraffin oil and tubercle bacilli to the allergy of disease and to the mechanism of delayed skin sensitivity. In recent years this problem has received clarification from the work of Raifel and his associates. Raffel (4) showed that defatted tubercle bacilli were incapable of establishing tuberculin sensitivity, even if employed in very large doses and over long periods of time. But, if the defatted bacilli were mixed with a

Development of Leptospira Killed Whole Culture Vaccine Using Different Adjuvants and Evaluation of Humoral Immune Response in Hamsters

“…Comparing all groups, the highest antibody production levels in the six weeks were observed in the alum group [28]. These data confirmed the gradual antigen releasing of alum and its ability to create local inflammation [22,36]. In the present study, the constantivity of the antibody rising after the challenge was investigated.…”

“…By day 7 after injection, inflammation with neutrophil, eosinophil and macrophage cells in the injection site was observed. This inflammation could be related to the effect of adjuvant on the antigenpresenting cells [36,40].…”

The influence of mineral carriers on the simultaneous active and passive immunization of guinea-pigs against tetanus

“…Observations showed that the zone of macrophages built up around the alum deposit contained numerous alum particles. Further observations by White et al (1955b) demonstrated a marked increase in the proliferation of macrophages both locally and in regional lymph nodes when the wax fraction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was injected in a water-in-oil emulsion, and this was associated with plasma cell proliferation in the regional nodes; this material increased antibody titres to antigens incorporated in the mixture. Humphrey (1963) has demonstrated that mycobacteria in oily emulsions cause a rise in y-globulin in guinea-pigs without any increase in any known antibody.…”

Cell Wall Composition in Mycobacterium lepraemurium

“…fractions had any adjuvant activity of the type described by White, Coons & Connolly (1955) in Wax D from other mycobacteria.…”