Studies on Cell Surface-Germicide and Enzyme-Germicide Reactions and Their Contribution to the Lethal Effect

Stedman, R. L.; Kravitz, E.; King, J. D.

doi:10.1128/jb.73.5.655-660.1957

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Lysis was not observed during the period of treatment with phenol. This is in accordance with the findings of Pulvertaft & Lumb (1948) who did not observe lysis during the first 2 h of treatment with a bacteriostat and with those of Stedman, Kravitz & King (1957) who found no significant change in the degree of lysis when quaternary ammonium compounds produced drastic changes in survival rate and enzyme inhibition. The absence of lysis is essential since it would seriously affect total counts and turbidity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…If each cell divides into two daughter cells and the process is repeated continuously, then if a and b are the numbers at the beginning and end of a time period t , the number of generation periods, n, will be equal to (log b-log a)/log 2 and the generation time, G, equal to t/n. Wilson (1922) and Jordan & Jacobs (1944), however, demonstrated an excess of total over viable organisms , and Wilson (1922) showed that with broth cultures of Bacterium suipestifer (Salmonella cholerae-suis), a factor of 1.71 should be substituted for 2 in the above equation. This factor is the generation index, P, and corresponds to the mean proportion of viable cells produced in one generation by a unit number of parent cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore it is neither surprising to expect lipoid soluble phenol to reduce the strength of the cell wall to a greater extent at the point where fission has recently occurred, nor unreasonable to suppose that the release of cellular constituents (e.g. Gale & Taylor, 1947;Beckett et al, 1969a,b,c) would be greater in young daughter cells, Stedman et al (1957) having shown this to be associated with drastic alterations in the mechanism involved in growth and reproduction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Influence of Temperature on the Effect of Bacteriostatic Concentrations of Phenol Against Escherichia coli

Parkinson

Pickett

1964

Journal of Applied Bacteriology

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Summary. During early exponential growth of Escherichia coli in the absence of phenol there is a natural death rate at 20, 30, and 44° but at the optimum temperature around 37° there is little if any significant death. The influence of a rise in temperature from 20 to 44° is to decrease the generation time and at 44° the lower generation time compensates for a reduced generation index. The main effect of sub‐bacteriostatic concentrations of phenol is to increase the generation time but at 30, 37 and 44° there is a significant reduction in the generation index at the higher concentrations resulting in a dynamic bacteriostasis. At 20° bacteriostasis is due mainly to a large generation time but there is a little growth and so bacteriostasis is essentially dynamic. There is also evidence to suggest that the effect of a particular concentration of phenol on the generation index is not merely influenced by the temperature but by the generation time under the particular set of conditions. If phenol is added to rapidly growing cultures of E. coli the effect of a rise in temperature is to reduce the concentration required for bacteriostasis but if it is added during the lag phase there is a maximum in the bacteriostatic concentration between 20 and 37°.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Influence of Temperature on the Effect of Bacteriostatic Concentrations of Phenol Against Escherichia coli

Parkinson

Pickett

1964

Journal of Applied Bacteriology

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“…Knox et al (10) implicated detergent-sensitive enzymes in lethal action. Stedman et al (18) found that leakage of cellular components was significant in death caused by surfactants, but under other conditions the cessation of energy-yielding reactions appeared to play a major role. Judging from these results, leakage caused by steroid 307 is the primary mechanism of the compound's lethal action.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steroid Mechanisms Affecting Yeast Permeability and Viability1

Smith¹,

Shay²

1966

Applied Microbiology

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Steroid mechanisms affecting yeast permeability and viability. Appl. Microbiol. 14:397-402. 1966.-A synthetic aza-cholestane amine was found to be rapidly lethal to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Lethal action was prevented by pretreating cells with 10-3 M uranyl nitrate. Sublethal concentrations of the steroid prevented the uptake of glucose and alanine. This demonstrated one means by which the steroid affected cell permeability, limiting the growth of the organism. Decreases in viability were related to increases in 260 and 280 mu absorbing materials. Uranyl protection of viability was found to be related to cellular retention of the ultravioletabsorbing materials. The steroid, dequadin acetate, and cetyl pyridinium chloride were comparable in lethal action and in causing the leakage of cytoplasmic constituents. Loss of viability and cytoplasmic excretion were detected within minutes after cells were exposed to the steroid. The rate or degree of metabolism of glucose by resting cells did not appear to influence steroid action or the sensitivity of the cells to the steroid.

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“…Knox et al (1949) implicated the role of detergent-sensitive enzymes in the lethal effect. More recently, Stedman, Kravitz, and King (1957) studied the role of lysis and enzyme inhibition under similar conditions. These authors concluded that, in the presence of large excesses of quaternary ammonium compound, the leakage of cellular conditions may play a significant role in cell death, but that under other conditions the cessation of energy-yielding reactions appears to play a major role.…”

Section: ]mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of a Quaternary Ammonium Compound on Escherichia coli1

Ceglowski¹,

Lear²

1962

Applied Microbiology

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Increasing amounts of tetradecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (TAC) were lethal to an increasing proportion of an actively growing culture of Escherichia coli. The loss of nucleic acid material by actively growing E. coli did not appear to play a major role in the lethal effect. It was found that lag-phase cells were more sensitive than logarithmic-phase cells to the lethal effect of TAC. The effect of TAC on the lysozyme sensitivity of the test organism was compared with that obtained using disodium dihydrogen ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA). Although TAC was found to render the test organism susceptible to lysozyme, the degree of lysis never reached that attained with EDTA.

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Studies on Cell Surface-Germicide and Enzyme-Germicide Reactions and Their Contribution to the Lethal Effect

Cited by 19 publications

References 17 publications

The Influence of Temperature on the Effect of Bacteriostatic Concentrations of Phenol Against Escherichia coli

The Influence of Temperature on the Effect of Bacteriostatic Concentrations of Phenol Against Escherichia coli

Steroid Mechanisms Affecting Yeast Permeability and Viability1

Effects of a Quaternary Ammonium Compound on Escherichia coli1

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