Studies on Mechanical and End-Use Properties of Natural Rubber Filled with Snail Shell Powder

Igwe, Isaac O.; Ejim, Augustina Adanna

doi:10.4236/msa.2011.27109

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…This is a clear indication of reinforcement by the fillers. Similar observations have been reported by previous researchers (Igwe and Ejim, 2011;Okoh et al, 2014;Osabohien et al, 2015;Osabohien and Ojeifo, 2017).…”

Section: Physicomechanical Properties Of Snr 10 Vulcanizatessupporting

confidence: 93%

Characteristics of natural rubber – carbonized pawpaw seed composites

Osabohien¹,

Soya²,

Ojeifo³

2020

Int. J. Bio. Chem. Sci

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The search for eco-friendly and less expensive fillers and additives has necessitated the use of renewable natural resources of plant origin in rubber compounding. This research work utilized carbonized pawpaw (Carica papaya) seeds as filler in natural rubber compounds in a bid to determining the reinforcing potentials. The carbonized pawpaw seeds (CPS) and dried raw pawpaw seeds (RPS) were separately pulverized, screened with a 75 μm sized test sieve and incorporated into natural rubber, Standard Nigerian Rubber (SNR 10), loaded between 0 – 50 parts per hundred (Phr) of the rubber. The cure characteristics, physicomechanical properties as well as the percentage swelling characteristics of vulcanizates were measured as a function of filler loading and compared with the values obtained using industrial grade carbon black (N330) as a standard reinforcing filler. Results showed that the CPS and RPS filled SNR 10 influenced the cure characteristics and physicomechanical properties of rubber vulcanizates. The scorch and cure times of the vulcanizates decreased as filler loading is increased while maximum torque increased with increase in filler loading. Tensile strength and modulus at 100% strain for all SNR 10 filled vulcanizates increased to optimum level at 40 phr respectively, thereafter decreased, and elongation at break decreased as filler loading is increased. The hardness and abrasion resistance of the vulcanizates increased with increase in filler loading, while compression set and percentage swelling in both petroleum and aromatic solvents decreased as filler loading is increased. The vulcanizates tend to swell more in aromatic solvents than in petroleum solvents. Percentage swelling of the vulcanizates (N330 – SNR 10 < CPS – SNR 10 < RPS – SNR 10) and in the order benzene > toluene > kerosene > diesel solvents. The research work showed that CPS and RPS fillers exhibited considerable reinforcing potentials but somewhat inferior to carbon black, N330. Keywords: Natural rubber, pawpaw seeds, fillers, vulcanizates and reinforcement.

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Section: Physicomechanical Properties Of Snr 10 Vulcanizatessupporting

confidence: 93%

Characteristics of natural rubber – carbonized pawpaw seed composites

Osabohien¹,

Soya²,

Ojeifo³

2020

Int. J. Bio. Chem. Sci

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“…Clay was used by Kim et al [6] to fill butadiene rubber and reported that the tensile strength and tear strength of the rubber/clay composites were 4.4 times, and 2 times greater than that of unfilled rubber, respectively. Igwe and Ejim [7] prepared a series of natural rubber-snail shell powder vulcanizates and reported that the hardness of the vulcanizates was marginally increased at high snail shell powder content. However, the specific gravity of the rubber vulcanizates increased with the increase in snail shell powder content.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cure Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Pineapple Leaf Fibre Filled Natural Rubber

Ekwueme¹,

Igwe²

2018

JMMCE

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The cure characteristics and mechanical properties of natural rubber filled with pineapple leaf fibre (PLF) were studied at different filler contents and particle sizes. The PLF was characterized for filler properties while carbon black (N330) served as the reference filler. The natural rubber vulcanizates were compounded on a two-roll mill. Results showed that PLF (300 µm) filled natural rubber vulcanizates exhibited the highest maximum torque (T max) (47.04 lb-in) at filler content, 10 phr among the filler particle sizes investigated. The minimum torque (T min) of the vulcanizates generally increased with the increase in filler contents and particle sizes. The scorch times of the rubber vulcanizates did not vary with fibre content while the cure times of PLF (300 µm) filled rubber vulcanizates decreased with filler content. The tensile strength (TS) of PLF (150 µm) filled natural rubber vulcanizates generally increased with the increase in filler content whereas the tensile modulus of the rubber vulcanizates decreased steadily with increasing filler particle size at filler contents, 5 and 30 phr. The elongation at break (EB) of the rubber vulcanizates exhibited no general order of variation with filler content and particle size, and was generally greater than that of unfilled natural rubber. The flexural strength of the rubber vulcanizates increased with increasing filler particle size at filler contents, 20 and 40 phr. The addition of PLF and carbon black improved the compression strength of the rubber vulcanizates, and which for PLF (300 µm) and CB fillers generally increased with the increase in filler content. The study has demonstrated the enhancement of properties of natural rubber vulcanizates on incorporation of PLF into natural rubber, however, the property enhancements obtained were less than those recorded for CB filled natural rubber vulcanizates.

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“…Carbon black has been the main filler incorporated in natural rubber during vulcanization. The properties imparted in vulcanized rubber by fillers depend on factors such as particle sizes, structure, physico-chemical nature, surface area and porosity of the fillers (Igwe and Ejim, 2011). Arroyo, et.al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The agricultural wastes that have been used and reported include milled coconut fibre (Egwaikhide, et.al., 2007), seed shells of cherry (Osabohien and Egboh, 2007), cocoa pod husk, rubber seed shell, rice husk and palm kernel shell (Ogbeifun, et.al., 2010), carbonized bagasse (Osarenmwinda and Abode, 2010), snail shells (Igwe and Ejim, 2011), carbonized groundnut shell (Ayo, et.al., 2011), carbonized cassava peel (Ugbesie, et.al., 2011), bamboo fibre (Onyeagoro, 2012), defatted rice bran (Moonchai, et.al., 2012), carbonized coir (Aguele and Madufor, 2012), carbonized and uncarbonized dikanut shell pericap (Ekabafe, et.al., 2012), maize stalk (Chigondo, et.al., 2013), carbonized palm kernel shell husk (Egwaikhide, et.al., 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties Characterization of Vulcanized Natural Rubber Filled with Uncarbonized Particulate Cow Bone

et al. 2018

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This work investigates the effects of addition of 63 µm uncarbonized particulate cow bone as fillers in vulcanized natural rubber on the tensile properties, hardness and abrasion resistance of the composites. Cow bones were procured from an abattoir, cleaned, crushed, pulverized, ball milled and sieved to obtain the particles that passed through the 63 µm mesh size. Natural rubber composites materials were prepared varying the filler loading as 5, 10, 15 and 20 pphr respectively. The compounded rubber samples were cured in a hot press using compression moulding technique. The control sample was produced using 20 pphr of carbon black. The cured rubber samples were conditioned at room temperature for two weeks before they were characterized. The tensile strength and elastic modulus of the samples filled with cow bone increased with filler loading up to 15 pphr before they started decreasing. Carbon black reinforced sample possessed higher tensile strength, modulus and hardness than the samples filled with uncarbonized particulate cow bone. The hardness for all samples maintained an increasing trend with increase in the filler loadings. Particulate cow bone reinforced natural rubber offered higher elongation than carbon black reinforced samples. At 10, 15 and 20 pphr, cow bone reinforced composites exhibited higher abrasion resistance than carbon black filled sample. The optimal filler loading of uncarbonized particulate cow bone reinforced natural rubber was 15 pphr. Cow bone reinforced natural rubber can find applications in areas where moderate strength, hardness, elongation and wear resistance are required such as in protective footwear, bouncing balls and cases of children toys.Keywords— carbon black, cow bone, fillers, natural rubber, composites.

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Studies on Mechanical and End-Use Properties of Natural Rubber Filled with Snail Shell Powder

Cited by 13 publications

References 18 publications

Characteristics of natural rubber – carbonized pawpaw seed composites

Characteristics of natural rubber – carbonized pawpaw seed composites

Cure Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Pineapple Leaf Fibre Filled Natural Rubber

Properties Characterization of Vulcanized Natural Rubber Filled with Uncarbonized Particulate Cow Bone

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