Studies on Mosquito Larvae: II. The First-stage Larvae of North American Culicidae and of World Anophelinae

Dodge, Harold R.

doi:10.4039/ent98337-4

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Each day from 4 September to 1 October 2012, egg rafts were collected and the position of each ovitrap was rotated among locations within each study site. Egg rafts were individually reared to larval eclosion and the first instar larvae were identified to species (Dodge ). The daily numbers of C. pipiens and C. restuans egg rafts in each ovitrap, as a proportion of the daily total egg rafts of each species collected at each site, were fit to GLMMs with a binomial distribution and logit link function.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cascade of ecological consequences for West Nile virus transmission when aquatic macrophytes invade stormwater habitats

Mackay

Muturi

Ward

et al. 2016

Ecological Applications

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Artificial aquatic habitats are ubiquitous in anthropogenic landscapes and highly susceptible to colonization by invasive plant species. Recent research into the ecology of infectious diseases indicates that the establishment of invasive plant species can trigger ecological cascades which alter the transmission dynamics of vector-borne pathogens that imperil human health. Here, we examined whether the presence or management of two invasive, emergent plants, cattails (Typha spp.) and phragmites (Phragmites australis), in stormwater dry detention basins (DDBs) alter the local distribution of vectors, avian hosts, or West Nile virus (WNV) transmission risk in an urban residential setting. Mosquitoes and birds were surveyed at 14 DDBs and paired adjacent residential sites. During the study period, emergent vegetation was mowed by site managers in three DDBs. In the absence of vegetation management, the overall abundance and species composition of both adult vectors and avian hosts differed between residential and DDB habitats; however, WNV entomological risk indices were equivalent. Communal bird roosts composed primarily of three species, European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus), and Common Grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), representing a broad range of WNV reservoir competence, were observed at half (three out of six) of the DDBs containing unmanaged stands of phragmites; however, their presence was associated with a lower seasonal increase in vector infection rate. Conversely, mowing of emergent vegetation resulted in a significant and sustained increase in the abundance of WNV-infected vectors in DDBs and the increase in risk extended to adjacent residential sites. These findings indicate that management of invasive plants in DDBs during the growing season can increase, while presence of communal bird roosts can decrease, WNV transmission risk.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cascade of ecological consequences for West Nile virus transmission when aquatic macrophytes invade stormwater habitats

Mackay

Muturi

Ward

et al. 2016

Ecological Applications

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“…restuans and absent in Cx. pipiens [ 39 ]. Culex pipiens larvae collected from different sites were pooled prior to their random allocation to experimental treatments.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asymmetric effects of native and exotic invasive shrubs on ecology of the West Nile virus vector Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae)

et al. 2015

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BackgroundExotic invasive plants alter the structure and function of native ecosystems and may influence the distribution and abundance of arthropod disease vectors by modifying habitat quality. This study investigated how invasive plants alter the ecology of Culex pipiens, an important vector of West Nile virus (WNV) in northeastern and midwestern regions of the United States.MethodsField and laboratory experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that three native leaf species (Rubus allegheniensis, blackberry; Sambucus canadensis, elderberry; and Amelanchier laevis, serviceberry), and three exotic invasive leaf species (Lonicera maackii, Amur honeysuckle; Elaeagnus umbellata, autumn olive; and Rosa multiflora, multiflora rose) alter Cx. pipiens oviposition site selection, emergence rates, development time, and adult body size. The relative abundance of seven bacterial phyla in infusions of the six leaf species also was determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to test the hypothesis that variation in emergence, development, and oviposition site selection is correlated to differences in the diversity and abundance of bacteria associated with different leaf species, important determinants of nutrient quality and availability for mosquito larvae.ResultsLeaf detritus from invasive honeysuckle and autumn olive yielded significantly higher adult emergence rates compared to detritus from the remaining leaf species and honeysuckle alleviated the negative effects of intraspecific competition on adult emergence. Conversely, leaves of native blackberry acted as an ecological trap, generating high oviposition but low emergence rates. Variation in bacterial flora associated with different leaf species may explain this asymmetrical production of mosquitoes: emergence rates and oviposition rates were positively correlated to bacterial abundance and diversity, respectively.ConclusionsWe conclude that the displacement of native understory plant species by certain invasive shrubs may increase production of Cx. pipiens with potential negative repercussions for human and wildlife health. These findings may be relevant to mosquito control and invasive plant management practices in the geographic range of Cx. pipiens. Further, our discovery of a previously unknown ecological trap for an important vector of WNV has the potential to lead to novel alternatives to conventional insecticides in mosquito control by exploiting the apparent “attract-kill” properties of this native plant species.

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“…from Cx. restuans 18 because they both share similar larval breeding habitats. We randomly selected 10 cohorts of first-instar Cx.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…pipiens s.l. from morphologically similar mosquito species 17,18. We examined the copulatory structures of six siblings of 2-day-old adult male mosquitoes taken from each family under a compound microscope to determine their DV/D ratio 19,20.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Latitude and Longitude on the Population Structure of Culex pipiens s.l., Vectors of West Nile Virus in North America

Edillo

Kiszewski²,

Manjourides³

et al. 2009

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. We assessed the structure and latitudinal selection that might result in sensitivities to critical day-lengths that trigger diapause between Culex pipiens populations distributed along North-South and East-West axes in eastern North America. Strong population structure between Cx. p. pipiens and Cx. p. quinquefasciatus existed. Among Cx. p. pipiens , a 100-km increase in the latitudinal change resulted in an increased square root of F ST by 0.002. A 100-km increase in the longitudinal change caused an increased square root of F ST by 0.035. A lack of latitudinal influence on the structure between Cx. p. pipiens populations suggests a uniform signal using the 12 microsatellite markers, which might increase the risk of West Nile virus (WNV) transmission toward northern areas because of longer breeding season, extend hostseeking period, and larger population size. Northern Cx. p. pipiens may have undergone additional generations before diapause is triggered, magnifying population size when WNV amplification is peaking. POPULATION STRUCTURE OF CULEX PIPIENS IN NORTH AMERICA MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites and field collections.We collected egg rafts of Cx. pipiens s.l. by placing black polyethylene dishpans partially filled with a bacterial hay infusion overnight in sheltered outdoor locations near homes. 17 We conducted this sampling monthly from July to September 2004 and 2005 whenever weather permitted. We chose collection sites ( Figure 1 ) to represent a broad range of latitudes and longitudes across eastern North America, so that we could compare groups along the N-S and E-W axes. Along the N-S axis, collection sites in 2004 included those at Portland, ME (ME; 43.41° N, 70 We isolated individual egg rafts from each collection in plastic petri dishes and allowed them to hatch. We examined first-instar larvae from each family of mosquitoes under a compound microscope to morphologically differentiate Cx. pipiens s.l. from Cx. restuans 18 because they both share similar larval breeding habitats. We randomly selected 10 cohorts of first-instar Cx. pipiens s.l. larvae from each collection site per month, and we shipped them to Harvard School of Public Health Laboratory. We reared the larvae further until they emerged as adults (F 0 generation) under standard insectary conditions (28-30°C). We froze male and female adult specimens at −20°C and processed them for microsatellite DNA analysis. We fed representative male siblings per family with 10% sugar solution for 2 days, and later we froze them at −20°C. We examined their copulatory structures for morphologic identification of the members of Cx. pipiens s.l.Mosquito identification. The appearance of the egg breaker on the first-instar larvae serves to separate Cx. pipiens s.l. from morphologically similar mosquito species. 17,18 We examined the copulatory structures of six siblings of 2-day-old adult male mosquitoes taken from each family under a compound microscope to determine their DV/D ratio. 19,20 DV is the distance from the tip of the ventral arm o...

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Studies on Mosquito Larvae: II. The First-stage Larvae of North American Culicidae and of World Anophelinae

Cited by 21 publications

References 13 publications

Cascade of ecological consequences for West Nile virus transmission when aquatic macrophytes invade stormwater habitats

Cascade of ecological consequences for West Nile virus transmission when aquatic macrophytes invade stormwater habitats

Asymmetric effects of native and exotic invasive shrubs on ecology of the West Nile virus vector Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae)

Effects of Latitude and Longitude on the Population Structure of Culex pipiens s.l., Vectors of West Nile Virus in North America

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