Studies ON MUTUALISTIC SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN SYCONIA AND SYCOPHILOUS WASPS IN MONOECIOUS FIGS

Galil, J.; Eisikowitch, D.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1971.tb02578.x

Cited by 69 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Therefore, style length is not causal factor explaining the abundance of unexploited flowers. We found higher production of galls in the cold season (Figure 2), with up to 60% of female flowers giving rise to galls, which confirms previous observations that pollinators can oviposit in most female flowers in both Ficus sycomorus [22,32] and other figs [11].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 78%

Spatial heterogeneity and host repression in fig-fig wasp mutualism

Wang

Wen

Chen

et al. 2015

Sci. China Life Sci.

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It is generally believed that physical heterogeneity in common resource or evolutionary restraint can sufficiently prevent direct conflict between host and symbionts in mutualism systems. Our data on fig/fig wasp reciprocal mutualism (Ficus racemosa), however, show that structural barriers of female flowers or genetic constraints of pollinators previously hypothesized exist, but cannot sufficiently maintain the mutualism stability. The results show that a positive relationship between seed and wasp production could be maintained in warm season, which might be because of density dependence restraint among foundresses and their low oviposition and pollination efficiency, keeping common resource (female flowers) utilization unsaturated. Whilst, a negative correlation between wasp offspring and viable seed production was also observed in cold season, which might be that the increased oviposition and pollination efficiency maximized the common resource utilization. The fitness trade-off between fig and pollinator wasps is greatly affected by environmental or ecological variations. The local stability might result from temporal low exploitation efficiency of pollinators together with interference competition among pollinators. We suggest that host repression through the active regulation of bract closure, which can create interference competition among the foundresses and prevent extra more foundresses sequential entry in fruit cavities, would help the figs avoiding the cost of over-exploitation. This essentially takes the same role as sanctioning of cheating or competitive behaviors.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 78%

Spatial heterogeneity and host repression in fig-fig wasp mutualism

Wang

Wen

Chen

et al. 2015

Sci. China Life Sci.

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“…The oviposition of non-pollinating fig wasps on F. eximia prevented unpollinated figs from aborting (table 2), as observed in other studies (Galil & Eisikowitch 1971, Bronstein 1991, Compton & vanNoort 1992, Compton 1993, Cook & Power 1996, West et al 1996.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 67%

Pollination and other biotic interactions in figs of Ficus eximia Schott (Moraceae)

2000

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-(Pollination and other biotic interactions in figs of Ficus eximia Schott (Moraceae)). During the period from 1992 to 1997, interactions of several organisms and Ficus eximia figs, a monoecious species, were studied in plants located in Campinas/SP and Londrina/PR (Brazil). Ficus eximia is pollinated by a single fig wasp species, Pegoscapus sp. (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae, Agaoninae), but also visited by other 14 non-pollinating wasps (Agaonidae, Eurytomidae, Torymidae). Mites (Tarsonemidae), nematodes (Diplogasteridae) and fungi which use the body of the pollinating fig wasp to disperse themselves were also observed.RESUMO -(Polinização e outras interações bióticas em sicônios de Ficus eximia Schott (Moraceae)). Durante o período de 1992 a 1997, as interações de vários organismos e figos de Ficus eximia, uma espécie monóica, foram estudadas em plantas localizadas em Campinas/SP e Londrina/PR (Brasil). Ficus eximia é polinizada por uma única espécie de vespa de figo, Pegoscapus sp. (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae, Agaoninae), e associada a outras 14 espécies de vespas não-polinizadoras (Agaonidae, Eurytomidae, Torymidae). Ácaros (Tarsonemidae), nematóides (Diplogasteridae) e fungos, os quais utilizam o corpo da vespa polinizadora para se dispersarem, foram também observados.

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“…Pollination is the central service that the wasp provides to the ¢g and the stability of the mutualism depends in part on this service. Some authors have suggested that increased pollination capacity gives a direct positive bene¢t to the pollinator, either by reducing larval mortalities (Galil & Eisikowitch 1971) or by incrementing larval nutrition (Verkerke 1989). A recent study employing careful statistical analyses has shown that pollinators have the highest reproductive success in the fruits that show the highest seed production (Herre & West 1997).…”

Section: (B) Historical Biogeography Of the Mutualismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the ¢g, the loss of pollination behaviour in the wasp does not cause a total loss of pollination and in some cases ¢g wasps are able to develop even in the absence of pollination (Galil & Eisikowitch 1971;Compton et al 1991;Jousselin & Kjellberg 2001). Together, these observations imply that selection for wasps to pollinate actively can be relaxed and that there are costs associated with being an active pollinator.…”

Section: (B) Historical Biogeography Of the Mutualismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, wasps that passively pollinate their hosts lack or present a signi¢cant reduction in the size of the specialized structures found in active pollinators and the wasps show no pollination behaviour (Galil & Neeman 1977). Passively pollinated ¢gs have relatively higher ratios of anthers to female £owers, produce much more pollen per syconium than actively pollinated ¢gs and their mature anthers tend to dehisce naturally, thereby facilitating the passive`collection' of pollen by their pollinators (pollen adheres to various parts of the body surface) (Ramirez 1969;Galil & Eisikowitch 1971;Galil & Neeman 1977;Galil & Meiri 1981;Ramirez & Malavasi 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Phylogenetic relationships, historical biogeography and character evolution of fig-pollinating wasps

Machado

Jousselin

Kjellberg

et al. 2001

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

240

281

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Nucleotide sequences from the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene were used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among 15 genera of ¢g-pollinating wasps. We present evidence supporting broad-level cocladogenesis with respect to most but not all of the corresponding groups of ¢gs. Using fossil evidence for calibrating a molecular clock for these data, we estimated the origin of the ¢g^wasp mutualism to have occurred ca. 90 million years ago. The estimated divergence times among the pollinator genera and their current geographical distributions corresponded well with several features of the break-up of the southern continents during the Late Cretaceous period. We then explored the evolutionary trajectories of two characteristics that hold profound consequences for both partners in the mutualism: the breeding system of the host (monoecious or dioecious) and pollination behaviour of the wasp (passive or active). The ¢gŵ asp mutualism exhibits extraordinarily long-term evolutionary stability despite clearly identi¢able con£icts of interest between the interactors, which are re£ected by the very distinct variations found on the basic mutualistic theme.

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Studies ON MUTUALISTIC SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN SYCONIA AND SYCOPHILOUS WASPS IN MONOECIOUS FIGS

Cited by 69 publications

References 10 publications

Spatial heterogeneity and host repression in fig-fig wasp mutualism

Spatial heterogeneity and host repression in fig-fig wasp mutualism

Pollination and other biotic interactions in figs of Ficus eximia Schott (Moraceae)

Phylogenetic relationships, historical biogeography and character evolution of fig-pollinating wasps

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