Studies on Phenol-Formaldehyde Crosslinked Polymer Gels in Bulk and in Porous Media

Abstract

The general conditions for gel formation by phenolformaldehyde polymer solutions have been examined in studies with three acrylamide polymers, Contrary to an earlier repom polymer crosslinking is found to take place over a wide interval of PH. While the gelation time is relatively insensitive to the concentrations of phenol and formaldehyde or pH, it is strongly influenced by the temperature and the nature of the polymer. l%ese getants display good injectivity in coreflood and slim-tube experiments at temperatures'upto 140"C. On the other hant he partitioning of phenol into crude oil is found to be a significant issue for the propagation of these gelants< The use of a phenol pre-flush of the formation is shown by numerical modeling to be a potentially viable solution for this problem.

Study of a Profile Control Agent Applied in an Offshore Oilfield

“…With pH increasing, many carboxyl groups were produced by the hydrolyisis of amide groups, which led the degree of hydrolysis to increase and prolonged the gelation time. The polycondensation reaction of PFR was conducted under low pH (Albonico et al, 1995;Banerjee et al, 2006;Limei et al, 2008b).…”

“…A gel with short gelation time cannot be injected into an in-depth reservoir and form a three-dimensional structure at near-wellbore zone. Near-wellbore treatments with polymer gels have been shown to be an effective means to achieve total shutoff of selected formations and modify the conformance of injected fluids (Albonico et al, 1995). However, for the in-depth zone of reservoirs, after coming round the treatment zone, the polymer solution flows into the high-permeability strips again.…”

A Review of Polymer Conformance Treatment: A Successful Guideline for Water Control in Mature Fields

“…Another popular water-based gel system is based on a phenol/formaldehyde crosslinking system for homo-, co-, and ter-polymer systems containing acrylamide (Albonico et al, 1995;Bryant et al, 1996;Bryant et al, 1997). Depending on the polymer composition, these gels are thermally stable, and the gelation times are controllable over the wide range of temperatures .…”

Development and evaluation of organic/inorganic combined gel for conformance control in high temperature and high salinity reservoirs

“…To extend the polymer gel application scope, some thermally stable polymer gels that composed of copolymers and organic crosslinkers have been reported in previous literatures (Moradi-Araghi et al 1993;Albonico et al 1995;Bryant et al 1997;Hardy et al 1998;Mary et al 1999;Moradi-Araghi 2000;Vasquez et al 2005;Eoff et al 2007;Banerjee et al 2008;Al-Muntasheri et al 2009;Sengupta et al 2012;Yadav and Mahto 2013). The copolymers reported in previous literatures are copolymer of acrylamide and t-butylacrylate (PAtBA), and copolymer of acrylamide and acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and the organic crosslinkers are phenol formaldehyde resin and polyethyleneimine (PEI).…”