Studies on photochemistry of aromatic hydrocarbons II

Nojima, Kazuhiro; Fukaya, Katsuhisa; Fukui, Shozo; Kanno, Saburo

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(75)90017-x

Cited by 67 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 1 publication

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…237,328−330,333,353−355 This is in line with earlier observations that atmospheric oxidation and nitration processes leads to the formation of nitrophenols and dinitrophenols, 356 and that nitration is an important reaction pathway particularly in the atmospheric aqueous phase. 357,358 Especially, aromatic amino acids like tyrosine and tryptophan can react with atmospheric nitrating agents, such as ozone/NO 2 mixtures or peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN).…”

Section: Chemical Modification Of Proteins and Amino Acidssupporting

confidence: 91%

Air Pollution and Climate Change Effects on Allergies in the Anthropocene: Abundance, Interaction, and Modification of Allergens and Adjuvants

Reinmuth-Selzle

Kampf

Lucas

et al. 2017

Environ. Sci. Technol.

238

177

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Air pollution and climate change are potential drivers for the increasing burden of allergic diseases. The molecular mechanisms by which air pollutants and climate parameters may influence allergic diseases, however, are complex and elusive. This article provides an overview of physical, chemical and biological interactions between air pollution, climate change, allergens, adjuvants and the immune system, addressing how these interactions may promote the development of allergies. We reviewed and synthesized key findings from atmospheric, climate, and biomedical research. The current state of knowledge, open questions, and future research perspectives are outlined and discussed. The Anthropocene, as the present era of globally pervasive anthropogenic influence on planet Earth and, thus, on the human environment, is characterized by a strong increase of carbon dioxide, ozone, nitrogen oxides, and combustion- or traffic-related particulate matter in the atmosphere. These environmental factors can enhance the abundance and induce chemical modifications of allergens, increase oxidative stress in the human body, and skew the immune system toward allergic reactions. In particular, air pollutants can act as adjuvants and alter the immunogenicity of allergenic proteins, while climate change affects the atmospheric abundance and human exposure to bioaerosols and aeroallergens. To fully understand and effectively mitigate the adverse effects of air pollution and climate change on allergic diseases, several challenges remain to be resolved. Among these are the identification and quantification of immunochemical reaction pathways involving allergens and adjuvants under relevant environmental and physiological conditions.

show abstract

Section: Chemical Modification Of Proteins and Amino Acidssupporting

confidence: 91%

Air Pollution and Climate Change Effects on Allergies in the Anthropocene: Abundance, Interaction, and Modification of Allergens and Adjuvants

Reinmuth-Selzle

Kampf

Lucas

et al. 2017

Environ. Sci. Technol.

238

177

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, the formation pathways of nitrated phenols from the condensed phase remains more uncertain than those for the gas phase (Harrison et al, 2005a). Once formed in the gas phase, the phenols and nitrated phenols partition between the gas and particle phases according to their saturated vapor pressure (Nojima et al, 1975;Bolzacchini et al, 2001;Harrison et al, 2005b;Xu and Wang, 2013). Chow et al (2016) found evidence from field measurements that high levels of nitrated phenols in Hong Kong were associated with high concentrations of NO 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Various atmospheric processes are responsible for the formation of nitrated phenols, including photochemical oxidation of benzenes in the presence of NO x (NO and NO 2 ) and ultraviolet rays (Nojima et al, 1975(Nojima et al, , 1976, oxidation of phenols by OH and NO 3 radicals in the presence of NO x (Atkinson et al, 1992;Bolzacchini, et al, 2001), and nitration of phenols in aqueous solutions (Lüttke et al, 1997;Vione et al, 2005;Frka et al, 2016). However, the formation pathways of nitrated phenols from the condensed phase remains more uncertain than those for the gas phase (Harrison et al, 2005a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations of fine particulate nitrated phenols in four sites in northern China: concentrations, source apportionment, and secondary formation

Wang

et al. 2018

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Filter samples of fine particulate matters were collected at four sites in northern China (urban, rural, and mountain) in summer and winter, and the contents of nine nitrated phenols were quantified in the laboratory with the use of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. During the sampling periods, the concentrations of particulate nitrated phenols exhibited distinct temporal and spatial variation. On average, the total concentration of particulate nitrated phenols in urban Jinan in the wintertime reached 48.4 ng m −3 , and those in the summertime were 9.8, 5.7, 5.9, and 2.5 ng m −3 in urban Jinan, rural Yucheng and Wangdu, and Mt. Tai, respectively. The elevated concentrations of nitrated phenols in wintertime and in urban areas demonstrate the apparent influences of anthropogenic sources. The positive matrix factorization receptor model was then applied to determine the origins of particulate nitrated phenols in northern China. The five major source factors were traffic, coal combustion, biomass burning, secondary formation, and aged coal combustion plume. Among them, coal combustion played a vital role, especially at the urban site in the wintertime, with a contribution of around 55 %. In the summertime, the observed nitrated phenols were highly influenced by aged coal combustion plumes at all of the sampling sites. Meanwhile, in remote areas, contributions from secondary formation were significant. Further correlation analysis indicates that nitrosalicylic acids were produced mostly from secondary formation that was dominated by NO 2 nitration.

show abstract

“…Several studies have been published in which a partial characterization of toluene's oxidation products has been carried out (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). These studies have normally useu gas phase sampling, with concentration of the sample using a cold trap or adsorptive cartridge such as Tenax.…”

Section: Chemical Processes Occurring In Sunlit Polluted Atm0stberesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of toluene's degradation products under simulated atmospheric conditions

Dumdei

2000

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Previous work on toluene includes both product studies and proposed mechanisms. In all previous studies, the oombined product yields are half or less of the initially reacted toluene. A major reason for the poor carbon balances found in these studies is the precipitation of interrrediate reaction products fran the gas phase to the reaction walls. We have studied the oxidation process by blacklight irradiation of 1-10 ppm each of toluene and oxides of nitrogen in 22-liter pyrex flasks, in zero-air at 50% relative hmnidity. The flasks were pre-cleaned by baking at 350 C and the products were recovered from the walls by extraction with methanol or dichloromethane. Some gas-phase products were recovered in the solvent as well. The extracts were analyzed on a Finnigan MAT triple stage quadrllp)le mass spectraneter/ data systen by direct probe injection. Methane chemical ionization converted the products to Mf-l parent ions. The molecular weights of the products were determined fram the cr nass spectrmn, and also by the general survey methods of neutral loss and puent ion spectra. Once their molecular weights were determined, the products were fragmented by collision-induced-dissociation (CID) in the middle quadrupole to produce characteristic daughter ions. To assist in the spectral interpretation, toluene in three isomeric forms was subjected to simulated atmospheric reaction. In addition to normal (HS) toluene, methyl-deuterated (03) and per-deuterated (08) toluene were used. J This study confiDIled the existence of a number of products identified in past studies, confirmed the formation of same products which have been hyp:>thesized in several proposed mechaniSl"s for toluene oxidation, identified a nwnber of previously unidentified and unproposed products. In sane cases the fragmentation patterns didn' tallow cooice among several methylor hydroxyl-positional isaners, and undoubtedly rore than one isomer was often present, as would be expected. Detailed mechanistic steps have been outlined for all reaction products' fornation and destruction. other analytical techniques including GC, GC/MS, and HPLC, have supplanented the MS/MS analysis. These results and the further study of the types of compounds identified should nake a significant contribution to the understanding of atmostileric aranatic systens.

show abstract

Studies on photochemistry of aromatic hydrocarbons II

Cited by 67 publications

References 1 publication

Air Pollution and Climate Change Effects on Allergies in the Anthropocene: Abundance, Interaction, and Modification of Allergens and Adjuvants

Air Pollution and Climate Change Effects on Allergies in the Anthropocene: Abundance, Interaction, and Modification of Allergens and Adjuvants

Observations of fine particulate nitrated phenols in four sites in northern China: concentrations, source apportionment, and secondary formation

Determination of toluene's degradation products under simulated atmospheric conditions

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About