Studies on Psycho-Clinical Aspects of Long-Term Marihuana Use in 124 Cases

Chopra, G. S.

doi:10.3109/10826087309033103

Cited by 34 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Cannabis has also been associated with episodes of psychosis persisting beyond the period of intoxication, with case series reported from different countries[13, 34, 66–71]. The psychotic episode itself is described in different ways, including reports describing disorientation, confusion, and amnesia as part of this syndrome[72], which some separately classify as a “toxic psychosis”[10, 34, 73].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabis and development of dual diagnoses: A literature review

Hanna

Perez

Ghose

2016

The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

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Background The use of cannabis has garnered more attention recently with ongoing efforts at marijuana legalization. The consequences of cannabis use are not clearly understood and remain a concern. Objectives to review the acute and persistent effects of cannabis use and associations with psychiatric disorders Methods Using Pubmed and PsychInfo, we conducted a narrative review of the literature on cannabis and psychiatric comorbidity using the keywords cannab*, marijuana, schizo*, psychosis, mood, depression, mania, bipolar and anxiety. Results There is substantial evidence of cannabis use leading to other illicit drug use and of an association between cannabis use and psychosis. A few reports suggest an association with bipolar disorder while the association with depression and anxiety disorders is mixed. Conclusions Whenever an association is observed between cannabis use and psychiatric disorders, the relationship is generally an adverse one. Age at the time of cannabis use appears to be an important factor with stronger associations observed between adolescent onset cannabis use and later onset of psychiatric disorders. Additional studies taking into account potential con-founds (such as withdrawal symptoms, periods of abstinence and other substance use) and moderators (such as age of initiation of cannabis use, amount and frequency of drug use, prior history of childhood maltreatment and gender) are needed to better under-stand the psychiatric consequences of cannabis use.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabis and development of dual diagnoses: A literature review

Hanna

Perez

Ghose

2016

The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

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“…27 In view of such a high prevalence of marijuana use and the association of greater medical service utilization by its users, it is imperative to review marijuana's short-and long-term consequences. Several studies showed an association between marijuana smoking, worsening asthma symptoms, 28 and acute exacerbations of bronchial asthma. 16 Smoking marijuana may also give rise to symptoms highly suggestive of bronchial asthma, including cough and sputum production.…”

Section: Marijuanamentioning

confidence: 99%

“Dangerous Relationships”: Asthma and Substance Abuse

Caponnetto

Auditore²,

Russo

et al. 2013

Journal of Addictive Diseases

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Commonly abused drug are cocaine, marijuana, cigarettes, heroin, and alcohol. The review emphasizes the importance for clinicians to be alert to the possibility of this substance as a precipitating factor for acute asthma. Substance use disorders to characterize illnesses associated with drug use. The use of drugs of abuse increases risk of developing more severe symptoms, higher frequency of exacerbations and having and significant effect on care resources due to clinicians visits and frequent hospital admissions. Abused drug has been shown to accelerate the decline in lung function and to increase numbers of life-threatening asthma attacks, and greater asthma mortality.

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“…The commission reported that “excessive” cannabis use was responsible for psychotic reactions in 9.5% (222/2344) of cases in asylums in India. Chopra et al reported a series of patients admitted to a psychiatric hospital in India for cannabis related psychosis (29, 30). The psychosis was typically preceded by ingestion of large doses of cannabis and was characterized by hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, depersonalization, amnesia, emotional lability, confusion, and disorientation.…”

Section: Acute Psychosis Outlasting Intoxicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, cannabinoids can induce immediate-onset psychotomimetic symptoms that do not persist beyond the period of intoxication (~1 h), as reviewed by us (18). Finally, less well-characterized but perhaps clinically important, cannabinoids are also associated with acute episodes of psychosis that: (1) manifest immediately following exposure, (2) last beyond the period of intoxication, and (3) require clinical intervention (29, 30). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gone to Pot â€“ A Review of the Association between Cannabis and Psychosis

2014

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Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug worldwide, with ~5 million daily users worldwide. Emerging evidence supports a number of associations between cannabis and psychosis/psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia. These associations-based on case-studies, surveys, epidemiological studies, and experimental studies indicate that cannabinoids can produce acute, transient effects; acute, persistent effects; and delayed, persistent effects that recapitulate the psychopathology and psychophysiology seen in schizophrenia. Acute exposure to both cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids (Spice/K2) can produce a full range of transient psychotomimetic symptoms, cognitive deficits, and psychophysiological abnormalities that bear a striking resemblance to symptoms of schizophrenia. In individuals with an established psychotic disorder, cannabinoids can exacerbate symptoms, trigger relapse, and have negative consequences on the course of the illness. Several factors appear to moderate these associations, including family history, genetic factors, history of childhood abuse, and the age at onset of cannabis use. Exposure to cannabinoids in adolescence confers a higher risk for psychosis outcomes in later life and the risk is dose-related. Individuals with polymorphisms of COMT and AKT1 genes may be at increased risk for psychotic disorders in association with cannabinoids, as are individuals with a family history of psychotic disorders or a history of childhood trauma. The relationship between cannabis and schizophrenia fulfills many but not all of the standard criteria for causality, including temporality, biological gradient, biological plausibility, experimental evidence, consistency, and coherence. At the present time, the evidence indicates that cannabis may be a component cause in the emergence of psychosis, and this warrants serious consideration from the point of view of public health policy.

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Studies on Psycho-Clinical Aspects of Long-Term Marihuana Use in 124 Cases

Cited by 34 publications

References 4 publications

Cannabis and development of dual diagnoses: A literature review

Cannabis and development of dual diagnoses: A literature review

“Dangerous Relationships”: Asthma and Substance Abuse

Gone to Pot â€“ A Review of the Association between Cannabis and Psychosis

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