Studies on respiratory infection: I. The influence of particle size on respiratory infection with anthrax spores

Druett, H. A.; Henderson, D. W.; Packman, L. P.; Peacock, S.

doi:10.1017/s0022172400015795

Cited by 146 publications

(169 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Then, the probability that at least one spore germinates, the attack rate, is p ϭ 1 Ϫ exp(ϪD ͞( ϩ )). This exponential functional form for the attack rate is consistent with empirical data from animal studies in the experimental dose ranges studied (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14).…”

Section: Competing-risks Modelsupporting

confidence: 81%

Modeling the optimum duration of antibiotic prophylaxis in an anthrax outbreak

Brookmeyer

Johnson

Bollinger

2003

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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A critical consideration in effective and measured public health responses to an outbreak of inhalational anthrax is the optimum duration of antibiotic prophylaxis. We develop a competing-risks model to address the duration of antibiotic prophylaxis and the incubation period that accounts for the risks of spore germination and spore clearance. The model predicts the incubation period distribution, which is confirmed by empirical data. The optimum duration of antibiotic prophylaxis depends critically on the dose of inhaled spores. At high doses, we show that exposed persons would need to remain on antibiotic prophylaxis for at least 4 months, and considerable morbidity would likely occur before antibiotic prophylaxis could even be initiated. At very low doses, 60 days of antibiotic prophylaxis is adequate. Exposure doses can be estimated from the cumulative attack rate up to the point antibiotic prophylaxis begins. The model explains that whereas <60 days of antibiotics were enough to protect persons in the 2001 U.S. outbreak, because doses were very low, at moderate or high doses considerably longer durations would be necessary to adequately protect exposed populations.

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Section: Competing-risks Modelsupporting

confidence: 81%

Modeling the optimum duration of antibiotic prophylaxis in an anthrax outbreak

Brookmeyer

Johnson

Bollinger

2003

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…The influence of aerosol particle size on respiratory infection due to the inhalation of anthrax spores was described in a previous paper (Druett, Henderson, Packman & Peacock, 1953). It was shown that the number of spores necessary to cause infection rose sharply with particle size, and was also related to the fact that the majority of larger-sized particles are deposited in the upper respiratory tract.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Studies on respiratory infection: II. The influence of aerosol particle size on infection of the guinea-pig with Pasteurella pestis

Druett

Robinson

Henderson

et al. 1956

J. Hyg.

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The LD50 dose of Past. pestis is much greater when tested by the respiratory route than by subcutaneous challenge. This is probably due to trauma inflicted on the airborne particles.Two forms of plague, both originating in the respiratory tract of the guinea-pig, can develop according to the size of the particle containing Past. pestis presented to the host. Small particles initiate a broncho-pneumonia which leads to septicaemia and death. Large particles establish a septicaemia, and death results more quickly without the development of a pneumonia.Cross-infection to normal animals occurs irregularly when they are exposed to others developing plague by the respiratory route. Such incident is rare when the initially infected animals are exposed to large particles. Cross-infected animals suffer from the disease characteristic of exposure to large particles. Attempts to establish an epizootic by cross-respiratory infection were abortive, probably due, in some measure, to the type of disease developing in first cross-infections.

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“…A highly virulent strain of Bacillus anthracis was used. Its origin and infectivity, and the method of production of the spore suspensions used for cloud production, have been described (Druett, Henderson, Packman & Peacock, 1953).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations on the prophylaxis of experimental pulmonary anthrax in the monkey

Henderson

Peacock

Belton

1956

J. Hyg.

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195

184

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The evidence presented supports the hypothesis that the experimental form of anthrax induced by depositing a cloud of single spores on lung epithelium is initiated in the lymphatic regions and not in lung tissue.Proportionately few of the deposited spores reach the lymph glands. The majority remain inactive in so far as induction of disease is concerned. Slowly, however, they seem to go through the first stages of germination but do not multiply and therefore die. This is probably the major factor operative in their disappearance from the lung.Effective prophylactic measures are suggested for dealing with an unimmunized host exposed to anthrax infection by the pulmonary route.

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Studies on respiratory infection: I. The influence of particle size on respiratory infection with anthrax spores

Cited by 146 publications

References 7 publications

Modeling the optimum duration of antibiotic prophylaxis in an anthrax outbreak

Modeling the optimum duration of antibiotic prophylaxis in an anthrax outbreak

Studies on respiratory infection: II. The influence of aerosol particle size on infection of the guinea-pig with Pasteurella pestis

Observations on the prophylaxis of experimental pulmonary anthrax in the monkey

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