Studies on Sylvatic Echinococcosis. III. Host Occurrence and Geographic Distribution of Echinococcus multilocularis in the North Central United States

Global Distribution of Alveolar and Cystic Echinococcosis

“…In the NCR, the parasite has been reported from deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), house mice (M. musculus), meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus), southern red backed voles (Myodes gapperi), bushy-tailed woodrats (Neotoma cinerea), and muskrats (O. zibethicus) Gesy and Jenkins, 2015;Holmes et al, 1971;Kritsky et al, 1977;Leiby et al, 1970;Liccioli et al, 2013). In the NCR, prevalence is so low and studies so few that geographic and seasonal trends are not readily apparent.…”

“…There have been only two reports of naturally infected cats serving as definitive hosts for E. multilocularis in North America, one in Canada (Saskatchewan) and one in the United States (North Dakota) (Leiby and Kritsky, 1972;Wobeser, 1971). Gravid segments were reported in one cat in North Dakota.…”

“…By region, coyote is likely a more important definitive host than red fox in the NCR, due to higher (and increasing) relative abundance in urban and agricultural regions, larger home ranges (10e190 km 2 ) and dispersal distances (often more than 100 km) (Naughton, 2012). Increasingly, the parasite is reported at high prevalence and intensity in thriving urban coyote populations in western Canada Gesy, 2012;Gesy and Jenkins, 2015;Hildreth et al, 2000;Leiby et al, 1970;Liccioli et al, 2012;Melotti et al, 2015;Seesee et al, 1983;Kazacos, 1993, 2012), paralleling the European situation with red foxes. p0630…”

Introduced and Native Haplotypes ofEchinococcus multilocularisin Wildlife in Saskatchewan, Canada

“…No adult cestodes from coyotes were closely related to the larval isolates found in the deer mice, despite the fact these are known definitive and intermediate wildlife hosts in the central North American region (Leiby et al 1969(Leiby et al , 1970). This may simply reflect different sampling locations, as infected rodents came from southwestern SK while the coyotes came from Saskatoon in central SK.…”

Amyloid enhancing factor activity is associated with ubiquitin

“…Dogs particularly are the main source of infection for humans. Wild cats and coyotes may also serve as final hosts (Leiby et al 1970, Vogel 1961.…”