The first total synthesis of the furanolactam fuscain is reported. The key step in the synthesis was the formation of seven-membered lactam by acylation of a furan ring using the mild Lewis acid CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O.Keyword: fuscain, furanolactam, total synthesis, seven-membered ring, mild Lewis acid Fuscain, a new furanolactam which was originally isolated from the sponge Phacellis fusca collected in South China Sea, showed a moderate cytotoxicity toward P388 and L1210 cell lines. 1 The same sponge yielded three pyrrololactam alkaloids: saldisin, 2-bromoaldisin and debromohymenialdisin. 2 Recently, furan analogues isolated from marine organisms have shown anticancer, 3-5 antibacterial, 6 anticoagulant, 7 antifungal, 8 antimalarial, 9 antiplatelet, 10 antituberculosis and antiviral activities 11 . Aldisin-based derivatives can be easily synthesised. 12 However, it is still a challenge to synthesise fuscain. Hence the biological effects of fuscain and its derivatives on cell cycle progression and antitumour activities have rarely been reported.The synthetic route to fuscain is shown in Scheme 1. The key step is an intramolecular Friedel-Crafts cyclisation to form the seven-membered ring. Various Lewis acids (polyphosphoric acid, POCl 3 , polyphosphoric acid-acetic acid, POCl 3 -P 2 O 5 , TFA or MSA) have been reported for Friedel-Crafts cyclisation. 13,14 . Initially, we selected PPA and P 2 O 5 as catalysts but no product was obtained. Because of the structural difference between Alidisin and fuscain, the aromaticity of furan ring is less than a pyrrole ring, and a furan ring usually polymerised under acidic conditions, we selected a relatively mild Lewis acid CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O to complete the intramolecular cyclisation to form fuscain.Starting from commercially available furoic acid which gave the furan-2-carbonyl chloride, the synthesis was relatively easy following the literature. 15-17 Furan-2-carbonyl chloride condensed with the ethyl ester of β-alanine to provide the corresponding amides. This was followed by hydrolysis of the ester to give the acid. Intramolecular cyclisation gave the desired compound. * Correspondent.