Studies on the Combined Use of Measurements of Sweat Electrolyte Composition and Rate of Sweating as an Index of Adrenal Cortical Activity 1

Locke, William; Talbot, Ńathan B.; Jones, Huw; Worcester, Jane

doi:10.1172/jci102448

Cited by 62 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Locke, Talbot, Jones, and Worcester (15) found that sodium and chloride concentrations did vary with thermal stress, body temperature, and sweat rate, but that all of these factors were closely correlated with each other and that the sodium concentration was most closely correlated with sweat rate. Sodium concentrations increase with sweat rate if sweating is elicited by pharmacological stimulation alone (2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium Secretion and Reabsorption in the Human Eccrine Sweat Gland*

Cage¹,

Dobson²

1965

J. Clin. Invest.

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Eccrine sweat in humans is normally a hypotonic solution, the solutes of which consist mainly of sodium, chloride, potassium, lactate, and urea (1). The sodium and chloride concentrations increase with increasing sweat rate (2), and at moderate to high sweat rates, the sodium concentration is an adequate measure of tonicity (3).It is generally presumed that sweat is elaborated by the secretory coil of the gland and altered during its passage down the duct (4). However, analysis of the physiology of the duct depends upon relatively precise knowledge of the nature of the fluid elaborated at the secretory coil (secretory fluid). Previous studies give values for the sodium concentration of the secretory fluid that are distinctly hypotonic (2, 5) or suggest that it is isotonic (6). Our studies in which we analyzed the relationship of rate of sodium excretion to sweat rate from the forehead give approximately isotonic values for the sodium concentration of the secretory fluid. MethodsSix healthy men, ages 21 to 29, were used as subjects. For 1 week before the experiment, the only exercise allowed was that necessary for the usual duties of a dermatology resident or laboratory assistant. The The skin of the forehead was gently cleansed with soap and water, rinsed with ion-free distilled water, and air dried. Aluminum chambers with internal diameter of 3.8 cm as described by Schwartz and Thaysen (2) were secured to the skin with Weldwood contact cement. Two Whatman 540 filter papers, 3.7 cm in diameter, were removed from weighed plastic bottles and introduced into the chamber and sealed at time zero. The filter papers were collected and replaced in their weighing bottles, and fresh preweighed filter papers were inserted every 3 to 10 minutes depending upon an estimate of the volume of sweat being produced. The time required for changing the filter papers was usually less than 5 seconds. Eight to twelve collections were obtained from each subject.The subjects, wearing swimming trunks, entered a room with temperatures ranging from about 950 to 1100 F and humidity around 40%. By altering the temperature and humidity in conjunction with mild, moderate, and vigorous exercise in the form of calisthenics, varying sweat rates were produced. At some time during the experiments the subjects were encouraged to maximal tolerated exercise. Sweat rates were increased and decreased so as to preclude sweat rate being a function of time. The subjects were weighed before and after the experiment, but were allowed water ad libitum during the experiment. The maximal duration of the experiment was 75 minutes for one subject and 60 minutes for the other five.Sweat volumes were determined by weight differences of the filter papers. The filter papers were then eluted with ion-free distilled water and the sodium concentrations determined on appropriate dilutions with a Perkin Elmer atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Suitable blanks were used for each subject. Recovery experiments in which 0.1 ml of a 100 mEq per L sodium chloride solution wa...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium Secretion and Reabsorption in the Human Eccrine Sweat Gland*

Cage¹,

Dobson²

1965

J. Clin. Invest.

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“…He, as well as others (5,7,15), noted that the skin temperature of the inclosed arm was always higher than the uninclosed arm or the rest of the skin surface. The positive correlation between skin temperature, sweat sodium, and chloride concentrations, and sweat rate has been stressed in previous studies (4,5,7,15,29).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

The Effect of an Impermeable Vapor Barrier on Electrolyte and Nitrogen Concentrations in Sweat 1

Bass¹,

Quinn²

1953

J. Clin. Invest.

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When environmental temperatures are high, 80 to 90 per cent of the total water, sodium, and chloride, and 25 to 50 per cent of the losses of potassium, calcium, magnesium, and nitrogen may occur in the sweat (1, 2). Failure to measure these losses may lead to serious errors in balance studies. Although dermal water loss can' be quite accurately measured in both acute and prolonged studies, this is not true of sweat electrolytes and nitrogen. Even in metabolic balance studies where the subject's daily activities are rigidly controlled, the accurate collection of all body sweat solutes by repeated body washings presents obvious difficulties. Conn and Louis (3) and Johnson, Pitts, and Consolazio (4) have assumed that the dermal losses are equal to the intake-(urine plus fecal losses). This method, however, disregards any daily positive or negative balances of these substances which may occur. The simplest method involves the collection of a local sweat sample, measurement of the solute concentration, and determination of the total solute content from the concentration and the totali sweat loss. This method assumes that the local sample is representative of the total body sweat and that the technique of collection does not alter the true solute concentrations. Previous investigations (5,6,7,8) and data from this Laboratory (7) indicate that neither of these assumptions is correct. In general, previous studies (5,6,7,8,9) (5) found surprisingly good agreement between the loss of chloride in sweat calculated from arm bag concentrations and sweat rate and the value obtained from total body washings.In view of the conflicting results of previous investigators, the present study was undertaken to reevaluate the effect of an impermeable barrier, such as a plastic arm bag on the sodium, potassium, chloride, and total nitrogen concentrations of thermal sweat and to determine whether the concentration of solutes in arm bag sweat could be used to calculate total dermal electrolyte and nitrogen losses. METHODSTwenty-seven experiments were performed on 17 men. Although the precise state of acclimatization to heat was not known in these subjects, one group of experiments was performed during the fall (Group A) and the other (Group B) during the summer. Each experiment consisted of a one-to two-hour exposure at 1200 F. with a relative humidity of 28 to 30 per cent. In an effort to prevent the loss of any body sweat by means other than evaporation, the men were clothed in light cotton pajama-type drawers, the lower end being tucked into long woolen socks, covered over with polyethylene foot bags inside of combat boots. Large cotton bath towels, folded in strip fashion, were tied around the chest and the uninclosed upper arm. Each subject carried an additional towel in his hand for wiping off his face and neck. In all subjects, sweat was collected during the entire heat exposure from one arm in polyethylene bags which were sealed at the level of the insertion of the deltoid muscle.During the period of sweat collection, the subject ...

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“…According to Locke et al [1951] the Na, K and Cl concentrations in sweat can be considered as an index of adrenocortical activity. According to the correlations we found the Ca and H concentrations m ay be added to these concentrations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Quantitative Analysis of Some Constituents of Crude Sweat

Seutter¹,

Groot²,

Sutorius³

et al. 1970

Dermatology

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From the skin surface of patients, suffering from different skin diseases, (crude) sweat was obtained by thermal stimulation: Specific gravity, pH, Na, K, Ca, Cl, free and esterified phosphate, urea and ammonia were determined. Significant positive correlations appeared between specific gravity and Na or K, between H and K, Ca, urea or ammonia, between Na and K or Cl, between K and Ca or free phosphate, between Ca and ammonia and between urea and ammonia. Significant negative correlations appeared between H and Na or Cl, between Ca and Cl, between free phosphate and ammonia and between esterified phosphate and urea. The Ca and H concentrations, in addition to the Na, K and Cl concentrations, behaved as random samples from a normally distributed population. The Na/K ratio for subjects over 50 appeared to be raised; the Na/K and Cl/K ratios in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis were lowered and in chromium dermatitis raised.

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Studies on the Combined Use of Measurements of Sweat Electrolyte Composition and Rate of Sweating as an Index of Adrenal Cortical Activity 1

Cited by 62 publications

References 8 publications

Sodium Secretion and Reabsorption in the Human Eccrine Sweat Gland*

Sodium Secretion and Reabsorption in the Human Eccrine Sweat Gland*

The Effect of an Impermeable Vapor Barrier on Electrolyte and Nitrogen Concentrations in Sweat 1

The Quantitative Analysis of Some Constituents of Crude Sweat

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