Studies on the Dynamics of Experimental Transmission of West Nile Virus by Culex Molestus

Tahori, A. S.; Sterk, Velimir V.; Goldblum, Natan

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1955.4.1015

Cited by 25 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…An Israeli strain of the molestus biotype of Cx. pipiens transmitted WNV to infant mice after feeding on high-titered blood/virus mixtures but not when the titer was 102.8/0.3 mL (104.3/mL) (24). Jupp (21) noted that a reduction in the infecting WNV titer from 106.5 to 104.3 SMICLD50 caused a decrease in the transmission rate from 89% to 33% in Cx.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Infection of Horses with West Nile virus

Bunning

Bowen

Cropp

et al. 2002

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

267

217

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A total of 12 horses of different breeds and ages were infected with West Nile virus (WNV) via the bites of infected Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Half the horses were infected with a viral isolate from the brain of a horse (BC787), and half were infected with an isolate from crow brain (NY99-6625); both were NY99 isolates. Postinfection, uninfected female Ae. albopictus fed on eight of the infected horses. In the first trial, Nt antibody titers reached >1:320, 1:20, 1:160, and 1:80 for horses 1 to 4, respectively. In the second trial, the seven horses with subclinical infections developed Nt antibody titers >1:10 between days 7 and 11 post infection. The highest viremia level in horses fed upon by the recipient mosquitoes was approximately 460 Vero cell PFU/mL. All mosquitoes that fed upon viremic horses were negative for the virus. Horses infected with the NY99 strain of WNV develop low viremia levels of short duration; therefore, infected horses are unlikely to serve as important amplifying hosts for WNV in nature.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Infection of Horses with West Nile virus

Bunning

Bowen

Cropp

et al. 2002

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

267

217

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“…14 Although no study has evaluated f. molestus populations in California, European f. molestus are efficient vectors of WNV 15,16 ; however, autogenous populations rarely feed on blood until uniparous. 1,17 Additionally, vertical transmission of WNV, the passage of virus from an infected parent to her offspring during egg deposition, has been shown in both field and experimental populations of Cx.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenotypic Variation among Culex pipiens Complex (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations from the Sacramento Valley, California: Horizontal and Vertical Transmission of West Nile Virus, Diapause Potential, Autogeny, and Host Selection

Nelms

Kothera

Thiemann

et al. 2013

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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The vector competence and bionomics of Culex pipiens form pipiens L. and Cx. pipiens f. molestus Forskäl were evaluated for populations from the Sacramento Valley. Both f. pipiens and f. molestus females became infected, produced disseminated infections, and were able to transmit West Nile virus. Form molestus females also transmitted West Nile virus vertically to egg rafts and F1 progeny, whereas f. pipiens females only transmitted to egg rafts. Culex pipiens complex from urban Sacramento blood-fed on seven different avian species and two mammalian species. Structure analysis of blood-fed mosquitoes identified K = 4 genetic clusters: f. molestus, f. pipiens, a group of genetically similar hybrids (Cluster X), and admixed individuals. When females were exposed as larvae to midwinter conditions in bioenvironmental chambers, 85% (N = 79) of aboveground Cx. pipiens complex females and 100% (N = 34) of underground f. molestus females did not enter reproductive diapause.

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“…Earlier experimental infection studies had demonstrated that Culex pipiens pipiens could become infected and transmit WN virus after ingesting a high-titered blood meal. [26][27][28] However, only a few isolates of WN virus had been reported previously from this species, and it was generally not considered an important vector because of its low field virus isolation rate compared to the isolation rates from other sympatric mosquito species. [17][18][19] Two other interesting observations were made on mosquito vectors during the 1999-2000 WN epidemic in the northeastern United States.…”

Section: Current Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

West Nile Virus: Uganda, 1937, to New York City, 1999

Hayes

2001

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

174

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West Nile virus, first isolated in 1937, is among the earliest arthropod‐borne viruses discovered by humans. Its broad geographical distribution, not uncommon infection of humans, transmission by mosquitoes, and association with wild birds as enzootic hosts were well documented by the mid‐1960s. However, West Nile virus was not considered to be a significant human pathogen because most infections appeared to result in asymptomatic or only mild febrile disease. Several epidemics had been documented prior to 1996, some involving hundreds to thousands of cases in mostly rural populations, but only a few cases of severe neurological disease had been reported. The occurrence between 1996 and 1999 of three major epidemics, in southern Romania, the Volga delta in southern Russia, and the northeastern United States, involving hundreds of cases of severe neurological disease and fatal infections was totally unexpected. These were the first epidemics reported in large urban populations. A significant factor that appeared in common to all three outbreaks was the apparent involvement of the common house mosquito, Culex pipiens, as a vector. This species had not previously been implicated as important in the transmission of West Nile virus. In addition the epidemic in the northeastern United States was unusual in the association of West Nile virus infection with fatal disease of birds, suggesting a change in the virulence of the virus toward this host. Understanding the risk factors that contributed to these three urban epidemics is important for minimizing the potential for future occurrences. This review will attempt to compare observations on the biology of West Nile virus made over about 60 years prior to the recent epidemics to observations made in association with these urban epidemics.

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Studies on the Dynamics of Experimental Transmission of West Nile Virus by Culex Molestus

Cited by 25 publications

References 0 publications

Experimental Infection of Horses with West Nile virus

Experimental Infection of Horses with West Nile virus

Phenotypic Variation among Culex pipiens Complex (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations from the Sacramento Valley, California: Horizontal and Vertical Transmission of West Nile Virus, Diapause Potential, Autogeny, and Host Selection

West Nile Virus: Uganda, 1937, to New York City, 1999

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