Studies on the energy metabolism of the pregnant sow

Noblet, Jean; Close, W. H.; Heavens, R.P.; Brown, Dorothy A.

doi:10.1079/bjn19850033

Cited by 124 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…As illustrated in Figure 7, the Ca/P ratio in foetal tissue increases during the gestation from less than 1 to approximately 1.75 in neonatal pigs. We adopted the development of total foetal BW as described with the following equation derived from Noblet et al (1985). This equation was also used by Everts et al (1994) In this equation, the factor "30" represents the mean metabolisable energy intake (ME in MJ/d) in gestation.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The development in weight and composition of foetuses, other uterine contents and the mammary gland are largely based on Noblet et al (1985) and Den Hartog et al (1988). The number of studies in which the P and Ca content in products of conception during gestation has been determined by serial slaughter of sows is very limited.…”

Section: Retention In Foetusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results of combining the equations S2 and S4 closely resemble the development of total P content in foetuses based on equation S1, both corrected to actual birth weight and P contents (Figure 8). In summary, to calculate Ca and P retention in the foetuses we used the litter development during gestation as described by Noblet et al (1985)(equation S4), the Ca and P content per kg BW (equation S2 and S3) as derived from the studies included in Figure 6 and we scaled the results during gestation on the basis of mean Ca and P content in piglets at birth and actual litter birth weight from Annex 13. Actual litter birth weight can also be defined by the end-user.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Phosphorus and calcium requirements of growing pigs and sows

Bikker¹,

Blok²

2017

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Retention In Foetusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Phosphorus and calcium requirements of growing pigs and sows

Bikker¹,

Blok²

2017

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“…The difference in the energy needs in the early and late gestation is about 3 to 12% of the maternal energy intake. The requirement of protein ranges from 7 to 41% of the maternal dietary protein intake (Noblet et al 1985). For this reason it is desirable to increase the nutrient intake by 10% in sows and about 15% in gilts in the last month of pregnancy (Pond 1973).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Crude Protein Intake on the Duration of Delivery and Litter Size in Sows

2008

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Tydlitát D., A. Vinkler, L. Czanderlová: Influence of Crude Protein Intake on the Duration of Delivery and Litter Size in Sows. Acta Vet. Brno 2008, 77: 25-30.The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of different intakes of crude protein during the period from 94 to 100 days of pregnancy to the parturition, lengths of pregnancy and delivery, number and birth weights of piglets and concentrations of progesterone, 17-β estradiol and cortisol on days 100, 110 and 114 of pregnancy in sows. Daily feed intake of the sow represented 2.5 kg of complete mixtures containing 13% (group A, n = 23), 15% (group B, n = 52), 18% (group C, n = 10) and 21% (group D, n = 10) of crude protein. Lengths of pregnancy in experimental groups were not significantly different. The mean durations of delivery synchronously increased with the intake of crude protein; significant difference was found between groups A (4.5 h) and D (8.6 h) (p < 0.05). Total numbers of piglets in experimental groups were not significantly different. Numbers of live piglets decreased and numbers of stillborn piglets increased from groups A to D. Significant difference was found between numbers of stillborn piglets in group A compared to groups C, D; and group B compared to groups D, C (p < 0.05). The average birth weights of piglets did not differ between experimental groups. No statistical differences in hormone concentrations were found between experimental groups. High intake of crude protein in sows before parturition prolonged delivery and increased the number of stillborn piglets. , parturition, piglets, progesterone, 17-β oestradiol, cortisol Nutrition represents an important factor influencing reproduction in pigs. The amount of energy provided to the sow during pregnancy should be sufficient to cover the basic needs of the organism and demands of foetuses as well as mammary gland development. Thus, the metabolic requirements vary depending on the stage of pregnancy. Nutritional needs increase especially in the last third of pregnancy when the foetuses grow rapidly. The difference in the energy needs in the early and late gestation is about 3 to 12% of the maternal energy intake. The requirement of protein ranges from 7 to 41% of the maternal dietary protein intake (Noblet et al. 1985). For this reason it is desirable to increase the nutrient intake by 10% in sows and about 15% in gilts in the last month of pregnancy (Pond 1973). Greenhalgh et al. (1977) recommend the daily intake of 1.9 kg of mixture containing 9% of protein until day 80 of pregnancy and then to increase the content of protein to 12%. Because of the physiological course of delivery, however, it is important to prevent overfeeding in the last 5 -10 days of pregnancy and it is common practice to rapidly decrease the nutrient intake 24 -36 h before farrowing. On the other hand, sows are able to mobilize their body deposits in order to ensure survival of foetuses in case of insufficient intake of proteins during pregnancy (Pond et al. 1969;Pond 1973). However, inadequat...

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“…During pregnancy, live weight increase is due to growth in gilts (20 to 50 kg) or body reserve restoration in primiparous and multiparous sows (5 to 50 kg), development of the mammary glands (6 to 10 kg), development of the uterus (3 to 5 kg) and development of the foetuses including the placenta and fluids (15 to 30 kg) (Noblet et al, 1985;Dourmad, 1991;Dourmad et al, 1996). Overall, live weight gain during the first pregnancy reaches 40 to 90 kg representing an increase of 20% to 60% in live weight (Dourmad, 1991;Prunier et al, 2001).…”

Section: Reproductive Sows and Suckling Pigletsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High physiological demands in intensively raised pigs: impact on health and welfare

Prunier

Heinonen

Quesnel

2010

Animal

105

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Genetic selection and better control of the environment of the pigs have resulted in increased production levels concerning both reproduction and growth. Such high performances imply high physiological demands that may deteriorate health and welfare. The aims of this paper are to review the physiological challenges that pigs are facing, to identify possible consequences on health and welfare, to propose ways of detecting and correcting problems whenever possible. At weaning, piglets are submitted to abrupt changes in food supply, housing and social environment. Behavioural changes and efficient adaptations of the digestive tract are critical for their health and welfare. Physiological demands to support these adaptations and risks of failure are inversely related to the age of the pigs. During fattening, modern pigs have high daily weight gain especially of lean tissue as well as elevated feed conversion rate. These high growth performances are suspected to favour stress and disease susceptibility, undesirable behaviours as well as leg weakness, but further experimental data are necessary to validate these effects and find their origin. In reproductive females, high prolificacy generates elevated foetal demands for nutrients and space that are not fully met as shown by an increased number of light piglets having difficulties to adapt successfully to the neonatal life. During lactation, sows with high milk production have high nutrient requirements leading to intense catabolism that may affect their health, welfare and future reproductive abilities.

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Studies on the energy metabolism of the pregnant sow

Cited by 124 publications

References 10 publications

Phosphorus and calcium requirements of growing pigs and sows

Phosphorus and calcium requirements of growing pigs and sows

Influence of Crude Protein Intake on the Duration of Delivery and Litter Size in Sows

High physiological demands in intensively raised pigs: impact on health and welfare

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