Studies on the Growth of Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.) 2. Growth and Differentiation of Aerial Roots

Gill, A. M.; Tomlinson, P. B.

doi:10.2307/2989707

Cited by 37 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The parenchyma in the cortex contains numerous tanniniferous cells (Gill & Tomlinson, 1971), and the tannins these generate may prevent the herbivores from attacking (Feller, 2002). Many roots subjected to experimental damage to the treatments became discoloured and black on the damaged areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When the woody vascular cylinder was exposed by the two more radical treatments, the plant became vulnerable to teredinid attack. The vascular cylinder is the water-carrying component (Gill & Tomlinson, 1971), and the inner limit of the cortex is tannin-free (Gill & Tomlinson, 1971). The absence of tannins means there was no chemical defence against teredinid larval settlement.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rapid recruitment of teredinids found in severely damaged roots may have been facilitated by the removal of the cortex layer that protects the inner vascular cylinder. The vascular cylinder is tannin-free (Gill & Tomlinson, 1971), making teredinid settlement possible (Turner, 1976). Therefore, tissue loss after one year within the severely damaged roots went beyond the original scaring.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rhizophora stylosa prop roots even when damaged prevent wood-boring teredinids from toppling the trees

Hendy

Cragg

2017

Hydrobiologia

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This study examines the ability of live Rhizophora stylosa prop roots to heal damaged tissues and defend against herbivorous attack from teredinids in three mangrove forests. Sites were chosen because damaged roots and teredinid activity were frequent. Responses of 81 R. stylosa roots to three levels of experimental damage were investigated: superficial, moderate and severe. Tannin intensity post damage was analysed using ImageJ. Losses of tissue and numbers of teredinid tunnels within damaged roots among sites were not significant in magnitude. Tissue regrowth varied significantly among roots; moderately damaged roots had an over compensatory regrowth of tissue. Yet, few roots with severe damage demonstrated the same level of excessive tissue regrowth, and many roots lost tissue to necrosis and teredinid attack. Superficially damaged roots did not succumb to teredinid attack. Rhizophora stylosa roots are able to defend against teredinid larval settlement by production of tannins in damaged cortex tissue and by an over compensatory regrowth. This study highlights the resilience and ability of mangroves to heal damaged roots and defend against woodborers. But, when losses of tissues expose the vascular cylinder, teredinid larvae will settle and tunnel into the root. The roots are then open to infection, and cell necrosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rhizophora stylosa prop roots even when damaged prevent wood-boring teredinids from toppling the trees

Hendy

Cragg

2017

Hydrobiologia

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“…The last two authors demonstrate that there is a system of brachiform cells in the submerged root cortex, with a special thickening in the cell walls, which prevents the collapse of the cell due to the large air spaces within it. Referring to these cells observed by Warming (1883), Gill and Tomlinson (1971a) propose that this was a technical flaw, once Warming's observations were made on pickled specimens. Gill and Tomlinson (1971a, p. 63) emphasize that, as their laboratory was directly in front of the mangrove, they were working with recently collected material, and were able to affi rm that the root does have H-trichosclereids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These structures are defi ned as aerial roots by most authors, including Warming (1883), Hou (1958), Gill and Tomlinson (1969, 1971a, b, 1977, Sporne (1974), Chapman (1976), Hallé et al (1978), Ellmore et al (1983), Tomlinson (1986), Juncosa and Tomlinson (1988a, b), Mauseth (1988), Huang and Huang (1990) and Raven et al (1992). Some of these authors have carried out extensive anatomical studies on these structures (Gill and Tomlinson 1971a, Chapman 1976, Ellmore et al 1983, and concluded that they are roots, although they mention that they have detected stem-like characteristics in these organs. They also mention a strong characteristic of roots, which is the presence of a root cap.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rhizophores in Rhizophora mangle L: an alternative interpretation of so-called ''aerial roots''

Menezes

2006

An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

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Rhizophora mangle L., one of the most common mangrove species, has an aerial structure system that gives it stability in permanently swampy soils. In fact, these structures, known as " aerial roots" or " stilt roots", have proven to be peculiar branches with positive geotropism, which form a large number of roots when in contact with swampy soils. These organs have a sympodial branching system, wide pith, slightly thickened cortex, collateral vascular bundles, polyarch stele and endarch protoxylem, as in the stem, and a periderm produced by a phellogen at the apex similar to a root cap. They also have the same type of trichosclereid that occurs in the stem, with negative geotropism, unlike true Rhizophora roots, which do not form trichosclereids at all. On the other hand, these branches do not form leaves and in this respect they are similar to roots. These peculiar branches are rhizophores or special root-bearing branches, analogous to those found in Lepidodendrales and other Carboniferous tree ferns that grew in swampy soils.

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Aerial Root Physiology: Reaching for the Sky or Down to Earth?

Rasmussen

Dobrijevic

Ola

et al. 2019

Annual Plant Reviews Online

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Aerial roots have evolved in plants from diverse ecosystems, many facing specific environmental challenges associated with their natural or agricultural setting. In coastal species exposed to wind and waves, including mangroves, soft anoxic substrates have resulted in highly developed aerial root systems. In the rainforest, aerial roots of hemi‐epiphytic figs enable life to begin higher in the canopy while climbing plants, such as ivy and Monstera s, depend on structurally very different aerial roots to climb vertical substrates. Maize, globally one of the three most important cereals, develops aerial roots presumably reducing lodging in high winds. In each of these cases, the dominant hypothesized role for aerial roots is to provide support and enabling greater heights to be reached. But do aerial roots of these plant groups also contribute to resource uptake and movement? This article explores the current knowledge of aerial root physiology and structure from each of these interesting and challenging environmental conditions and discusses how understanding these adaptations and niche requirements has value for improving crops, protecting our coastlines, improving our urban green spaces, and managing biodiversity conservation.

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Studies on the Growth of Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.) 2. Growth and Differentiation of Aerial Roots

Cited by 37 publications

References 4 publications

Rhizophora stylosa prop roots even when damaged prevent wood-boring teredinids from toppling the trees

Rhizophora stylosa prop roots even when damaged prevent wood-boring teredinids from toppling the trees

Rhizophores in Rhizophora mangle L: an alternative interpretation of so-called ''aerial roots''

Aerial Root Physiology: Reaching for the Sky or Down to Earth?

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