Studies on the Growth of Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.) I. Habit and General Morphology

Gill, A. M.; Tomlinson, P. B.

doi:10.2307/2989744

Cited by 58 publications

(44 citation statements)

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“…Therefore, like the stem, they are exogenous in origin. Gill and Tomlinson (1969) demonstrate that while all roots have a monopodial branching system, the " aerial roots" of Rhizophora have a sympodial branching system (a characteristic shared with stems) which is also demonstrated in this work. Gill and Tomlinson (1971a, b) also observe that earlier authors questioned the root nature of these branches due to the presence of trichosclereids.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 48%

“…It should be noted, as demonstrated in the present work, that on the inner side of the secondary xylem, in the areas corresponding to the intercalary phloem, there are no protoxylem elements in the adult stem. Subsequent to Pitot's studies (1958), Gill and Tomlinson (1969) and Chapman (1976) made a series of important observations on the adventitious origin of these rhizophores, which they refer to as " aerial roots". In other words, unlike roots (except for the radicle), they are not endogenous in origin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These structures are defi ned as aerial roots by most authors, including Warming (1883), Hou (1958), Gill and Tomlinson (1969, 1971a, b, 1977, Sporne (1974), Chapman (1976), Hallé et al (1978), Ellmore et al (1983), Tomlinson (1986), Juncosa and Tomlinson (1988a, b), Mauseth (1988), Huang and Huang (1990) and Raven et al (1992). Some of these authors have carried out extensive anatomical studies on these structures (Gill and Tomlinson 1971a, Chapman 1976, Ellmore et al 1983, and concluded that they are roots, although they mention that they have detected stem-like characteristics in these organs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rhizophores in Rhizophora mangle L: an alternative interpretation of so-called ''aerial roots''

Menezes

2006

An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

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Rhizophora mangle L., one of the most common mangrove species, has an aerial structure system that gives it stability in permanently swampy soils. In fact, these structures, known as " aerial roots" or " stilt roots", have proven to be peculiar branches with positive geotropism, which form a large number of roots when in contact with swampy soils. These organs have a sympodial branching system, wide pith, slightly thickened cortex, collateral vascular bundles, polyarch stele and endarch protoxylem, as in the stem, and a periderm produced by a phellogen at the apex similar to a root cap. They also have the same type of trichosclereid that occurs in the stem, with negative geotropism, unlike true Rhizophora roots, which do not form trichosclereids at all. On the other hand, these branches do not form leaves and in this respect they are similar to roots. These peculiar branches are rhizophores or special root-bearing branches, analogous to those found in Lepidodendrales and other Carboniferous tree ferns that grew in swampy soils.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 48%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rhizophores in Rhizophora mangle L: an alternative interpretation of so-called ''aerial roots''

Menezes

2006

An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

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“…are sap feeders within living tissue (Wagner et al 2000). The R. mangle periderm where this species of Marmara feeds is live tissue found on vigorously growing trees (Gill and Tomlinson 1969). In contrast, this species is not able to feed in the suberized bark of the slowgrowing dwarf and fringe trees (Feller 1995).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Herbivore responses to nutrient enrichment and landscape heterogeneity in a mangrove ecosystem

Feller

Chamberlain

2007

Oecologia

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Complex gradients in forest structure across the landscape of oVshore mangrove islands in Belize are associated with nutrient deWciency and Xooding. While nutrient availability can aVect many ecological processes, here we investigate how N and P enrichment interact with forest structure in three distinct zones (fringe, transition, dwarf) to alter patterns of herbivory as a function of folivory, loss of yield, and tissue mining. The eVects of nutrient addition and zone varied by functional feeding group or speciWc herbivore. Folivory ranged from 0 to 0.4% leaf area damaged per month, but rates did not vary by either nutrient enrichment or zone. Leaf lifetime damage ranged from 3 to 10% of the total leaf area and was caused primarily by the omnivorous tree crab Aratus pisonii. We detected two distinct spatial scales of response by A. pisonii that were unrelated to nutrient treatment, i.e., most feeding damage occurred in the fringe zone and crabs fed primarily on the oldest leaves in the canopy. Loss of yield caused by the bud moth Ecdytolopha sp. varied by zone but not by nutrient treatment. A periderm-mining Marmara sp. responded positively to nutrient enrichment and closely mirrored the growth response by Rhizophora mangle across the tree height gradient. In contrast, a leaf-mining Marmara sp. was controlled by parasitoids and predators that killed >89% of its larvae. Thus, nutrient availability altered patterns of herbivory of some but not all mangrove herbivores. These Wndings support the hypothesis that landscape heterogeneity of the biotic and abiotic environment has species-speciWc eVects on community structure and trophic interactions. Predicting how herbivores respond to nutrient over-enrichment in mangrove ecosystems also requires an assessment of habitat heterogeneity coupled with feeding strategies and species-speciWc behavior measured on multiple scales of response.

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“…Most mangrove species, apart from showing zygotic hydrochory, also exhibit sporophytic hydrochory which results from vivipary; a phenomenon described by Gill and Tomlinson (1969) as "---the continuous development of the embryo without a dormant period. In the usual sense, there is therefore no true seed."…”

Section: Seedling and Vegetative Propagule Flow Or Dispersalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mediation of Gene Flow in Tropical Trees of Sub-Saharan Africa

Onokpise¹,

Akinyele²

2012

Journal of Forest and Environmental Science

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Tropical forests whether fragmented or undisturbed or be they equatorial or deciduous, remain the storehouse of biodiversity for hundreds of thousands of plant and animal species. This unique characteristic continues to attract a wide range of scientists and international organizations to study and attempt to understand tropical forest ecosystems. Gene flow is mediated by pollen, seed and seedling dispersal, and factors affecting this gene flow include phenology, spatial distribution, population structures, seed predation, sexual and mating systems as well as physical and biological barriers to gene flow. Two methods are used in measuring gene flow: direct method that relies on the actual observation of seed and pollen dispersal, whereas indirect methods involve the use of genetic markers such as allozymes and DNA techniques. Political strife, extreme natural and artificial disasters, the lack of a comprehensive forestry research vision, coupled with difficult socio-economic conditions in Africa have made the environment quite difficult for sustained research activities on the part of those undertaking or wishing to undertake such studies. Gene flow studies in this region are few and far between. This review elaborates on the mechanisms of gene flow mediation in Sub-Saharan Africa.

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Studies on the Growth of Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.) I. Habit and General Morphology

Cited by 58 publications

References 0 publications

Rhizophores in Rhizophora mangle L: an alternative interpretation of so-called ''aerial roots''

Rhizophores in Rhizophora mangle L: an alternative interpretation of so-called ''aerial roots''

Herbivore responses to nutrient enrichment and landscape heterogeneity in a mangrove ecosystem

Mediation of Gene Flow in Tropical Trees of Sub-Saharan Africa

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