Studies on the metabolism and degradation of vancomycin in simulated in vitro and aquatic environment by UHPLC-Triple-TOF-MS/MS

Abstract

Vancomycin is one of the most commonly used glycopeptide antiobiotics, and as such is an important emerging environmental contaminant. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), such as antibiotics, are problematic since wastewater treatment processes are not completely effective at removing these chemical compounds. Since wastewater treatment processes are not completely effective, vancomycin occurs in surface water. Vancomycin and its metabolites in vivo and degradation products in aquatic environment may lead to undesirable ecological effects that threaten the environment or cause undesirable reactions that affect human health. We aimed to study vancomycin metabolism in vitro and its natural degradation in aquatic environment, as well as explore for related metabolites and degradation products. Accordingly, we established four systems, using a constant temperature oscillator at 37 °C for 10 days for vancomycin in activated rat liver microsomes (experimental system), inactivated rat liver microsomes (control system), phosphate buffer saline (PBS system) and pure water (pure water system), as well as an additional system of activated rat liver microsomes without vancomycin (blank system). The metabolism and degradation of vancomycin were studied using a high resolution and high sensitivity ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-Triple-time of flight (TOF)-mass spectrometry (MS) method in positive ion mode. The compared result of activated rat liver microsomes system and inactivated rat liver microsomes system confirms that vancomycin is not metabolized in the liver. Vancomycin was degraded in the four non-blank incubation systems. The MetabolitePilot 2.0 software was used for screening the probable degradation products, as well as for establishing its associated degradation pathways. Eventually, four degradation products were identified and their chemical structures were deduced. The results of this study provide a foundation for evaluation of the effects of vancomycin and its degradation products on environmental safety and human health in the future.

Potential Application of Silver Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Branched Amphiphilic Peptide Capsules to Circumvent Antibiotic Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus: A Research Protocol

“…The blood analysis should show the absence of AgNPs, vancomycin or BAPCs. The urinalysis should display results that indicate the presence of metabolites from vancomycin degradation in the groups that include a vancomycin treatment [33]. The organ analysis should display the presence of MRSA from the first and third groups, little MRSA presence from the second and fourth groups, little to no MRSA presence from the fifth group, and the complete absence of MRSA from the sixth group.…”

“…Both will be performed on the 14th day following a 12 hour fast [31]. The urinalysis is performed to test the presence of metabolites that resulted from vancomycin degradation [33]. This will be followed by an organ analysis in which the ratio of the weight of each organ to its respective body weight are compared among the six groups.…”

Analytical methods for the determination of certain antibiotics used in critically ill patients

“…UHPLC-Triple-TOF-MS/MS method in positive ion mode was developed for studying Vancomycin metabolism in vitro and its natural degradation in aquatic environment. This method was achieved on EC-C18 (2.1 × 150 mm, 2.7 µm) column maintained at 40 • C using the mobile phases A (0.1% aqueous formic acid) and B (acetonitrile) to optimize the gradient elution program at a constant flow rate 0.4 mL/min [80] .…”

Preliminary Review of Sources, Fate, Analytical Challenges and Regulatory Status of Emerging Organic Contaminants in Aquatic Environments in Selected African Countries

“…Also, non-target screening utilising data mining in some analytical methodologies have also been reported [68]. Recently, the metabolism and degradation of vancomycin in simulated in vitro and aquatic environments by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-triple-time of flight (TOF)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) have been reported [69]. In spite of the rapid advances in the development of new detection techniques for ECs, most dedicated analytical laboratories are yet to fully adopt them for technical reasons.…”