STUDIES ON THE MYCORRHIZA OF <i>PINUS SYLVESTRIS</i>

Robertson, N. F.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1954.tb05239.x

Cited by 100 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…We recognize that an unknown number of fungal taxa (anamorphic and\or teleomorphic) are involved, and that a considerable functional and ecological overlap might exist between soil fungi, saprotrophic rhizoplane-inhabiting fungi, strictly pathogenic fungi, mycorrhizal fungi and fungal endophytes. Because Richard & Fortin (1974) reviewed the Currah et al (1987) ; Stoyke & Currah (1991) ; Stoyke et al (1992) ; Va$ re et al (1992) Pseudomycorrhizal Melin (1923 ; Thomas (1943) ; Robertson (1954) ; Kowalski (1970 ; ; Wang & Wilcox (1985) ; O'Dell et al (1993) literature on MRA, we only cover briefly the earlier work, and emphasize what has been published since.…”

Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Concurrent occupation by different rootassociated fungi might indicate the dynamic nature of the root-colonizing fungal community. DSE colonization appears more frequent in older parts of the root system (Robertson, 1954 ;Livingston & Blaschke, 1984), suggesting that DSE prefer aging root tissue or that DSE are recycling nutrients from senescent or dead root cells back into the active roots. On the other hand, DSE might function as mutualistic fungi taking part in nutrient and water acquisition, especially in unfavourable environments (Sengupta et al, 1989 ;Jumpponen et al, 1998).…”

Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2) referred to as ' thick pseudoparenchymatic mass ' (Melin, 1923 ;Robertson, 1954), ' sclerotia ' (Melin, 1923 ;Hatch, 1934 ;Stoyke & Currah, 1991 ;O'Dell et al, 1993 ;Stoyke & Currah, 1993 ;Fernando & Currah, 1995), ' microsclerotia ' (Haselwandter & Read, 1980 ;Read & Haselwandter, 1981 ;Haselwandter, 1987 ;Jumpponen, Mattson & Trappe, 1998) or ' sclerotial bodies ' (Levisohn, 1954 ;Wilcox & Wang, 1987 b). The clusters of fungal cells within root cells have been described as filled with ' closely packed, thickwalled cells ' (McKeen, 1952), ' groups of swollen cells ' (Deacon, 1973), ' intracellular sclerotia of compact, darkly pigmented and irregularly lobed, thick-walled hyphae ' (Stoyke & Currah, 1991), or ' thick-walled, irregularly lobed and compacted cells which sometimes formed sheets several cells thick ' (O'Dell et al, 1993).…”

Section:      mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dark septate endophytes: a review of facultative biotrophic root‐colonizing fungi

1998

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Dark septate root endophytes (DSE) are conidial or sterile fungi (Deuteromycotina, Fungi Imperfecti) likely to be ascomycetous and colonizing plant roots. They have been reported for nearly 600 plant species representing about 320 genera and 100 families. DSE fungi occur from the tropics to arctic and alpine habitats and comprise a heterogeneous group that functionally and ecologically overlaps with soil fungi, saprotrophic rhizoplaneinhabiting fungi, obligately and facultatively pathogenic fungi and mycorrhizal fungi. Numerous species of undescribed sterile and anamorphic taxa may also await discovery. Although DSE are abundant in washed root and soil samples from various habitats, and are easily isolated from surface-sterilized roots of ecto-, ectendo-, endo-and non-mycorrhizal host species, their ecological functions are little understood. Studies of DSE thus far have yielded inconsistent results and only poorly illustrate the role of DSE in their natural habitats. These inconsistencies are largely due to the uncertain taxonomic affinities of the strains of DSE used. In addition, because different strains of a single anamorph taxon seem to vary greatly in function, no clear generalizations on their ecological role have been drawn. This paper reviews the current literature on DSE and the ecology and discusses the need for and direction of future research.

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Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section:      mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dark septate endophytes: a review of facultative biotrophic root‐colonizing fungi

1998

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“…Thus Marks & Foster (1973) located their 'mycorrhizal infection zone' along the flanks of the root, while Chilvers (1974) maintained that morphogenesis of ectomycorrhizas depended on events at the tip. Similarly Robertson (1954) and others claimed that the Hartig net was formed before the sheath, while Clowes (1951) reported that sheath development preceded formation of the Hartig net. These contradictions may reflect some real differences between different ectomycorrhizas, but it seems equally likely that the differences arose * Present address: INRA, Centre de Recherches Forestieres de Nancy, Champenoux, 54280 Seichanips, France.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time sequence of the infection process eucalypt ectomycorrhizas

1988

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SUMMARYThe paper-sandwich technique for simultaneous inoculation of populations of root apices, was used to produce numbers of synchronously developing ectomycorrhizas, and to permit direct time-sequencing of stages in the infection process in eucalypts. After one day there was evidence of chemical interaction hetween fungus and host. By two days, sheath formation had started in the cap region, cap cells were invaded hy fungus, and apical root tissues commenced to swell. By four days all the anatomical features of an ectomycorrhiza were present, including the Hartig net. Thereafter, mycorrhizal features were merely enhanced and perpetuated hy subsequent acrogenous development of the fungus-root dual organ. The process of mycorrhizal perpetuation involved the same sequence of events (sheath development at the apex associated with invasion of cap cells, modification of other root tissues, then finally formation of Hartig net) as did the initial infection process.

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“…It has been suggested that the EM fungi colonizing roots in natural communities originate from the mycelial network in forest soil more frequently than from spores (cf. Robertson, 1954 ;Deacon et al, 1983 ;Read & Birch, 1988 ;Deacon & Fleming, 1992 ;Newton, 1992 ;Dahlberg & Stenlid, 1995 ;Dahlberg, 1997 ;Simard et al, 1997b). Exploring mycelia from mycorrhizas have a significantly higher potential to colonize emerging root-tips than mycelia from spores, because of the carbohydrate support that they receive from trees (Fleming, 1983).…”

mentioning

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Continuity of ectomycorrhizal fungi in self‐regenerating boreal Pinus sylvestris forests studied by comparing mycobiont diversity on seedlings and mature trees

et al. 1999

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Seedlings and old trees of Scots pine in self-regenerating, old, virgin boreal forest in northern Sweden were compared in terms of the species composition of their associated ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi. The natural regeneration of seedlings was mimicked by annual seeding for 10 yr (1986)(1987)(1988)(1989)(1990)(1991)(1992)(1993)(1994)(1995) in intact field vegetation at three sites. In 1995, all seedlings were harvested, and 171 were examined for mycorrhizas. Twenty-five soil cores were taken in order to study the mycorrhizas on the established trees. Most short roots were mycorrhizal. Using mycorrhizal morphology and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) analysis, we were able to distinguish 43 ectomycorrhizal taxa. Fourteen of these taxa were identified using a sporocarp and mycelial culture based internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-RFLP reference database, and another three were identified by mycorrhizal morphology. Cenococcum geophilum, Piloderma croceum and Suillus variegatus were present on the seedlings, irrespective of age, as well as on the old trees. At one forest, 23 ectomycorrhizal taxa were found as mycorrhizas, of which 10 occurred on both seedlings and old trees. These 10 species accounted for 92 and 73% of the mycorrhizas on the seedlings and old trees, respectively. A 3-yr survey of ectomycorrhizal sporocarps at the same site revealed 62 EM taxa. The degree of similarity between the composition of EM species reflected by sporocarps and by mycorrhizas, was low. Ectomycorrhizal species present in our ITS-RFLP database constituted 7.5-19% of the mycorrhizas on seedlings and old trees, whereas they constituted 80-95% of the total production of epigeous sporocarps. The unidentified taxa comprised 70-87% of the mycorrhizas. Our findings support the view that the species composition of mycorrhizas colonizing naturally regenerated seedlings in forests is similar to that of mycorrhizas colonizing surrounding trees. We suggest that the concept of the mycelial network be expanded in order to embrace both the significance of interconnections between different trees as well as the continuity or perpetuation of EM fungal communities.

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STUDIES ON THE MYCORRHIZA OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS

Cited by 100 publications

References 22 publications

Dark septate endophytes: a review of facultative biotrophic root‐colonizing fungi

Dark septate endophytes: a review of facultative biotrophic root‐colonizing fungi

Time sequence of the infection process eucalypt ectomycorrhizas

Continuity of ectomycorrhizal fungi in self‐regenerating boreal Pinus sylvestris forests studied by comparing mycobiont diversity on seedlings and mature trees

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