Studies on the origin of amniotic fluid lipids

Biezenski, J.J.; Pomerance, William; Goodman, Joshua

doi:10.1016/0002-9378(68)90514-0

Cited by 45 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Late in gestation, vernix becomes suspended in AF and is swallowed by the late term fetus in increasing amounts as term birth approaches [6]. AF contains an estimated average 154 mg/L lipids overall [7], of which vernix BCFA are about 17 mg/L though there is wide variability in these figures [1]. The fetus swallows 200-500 ml/d of AF near term [8], enabling an estimate of 6 mg AF-suspended vernix BCFA per day, or about 180 mg BCFA in the last month of pregnancy [1].…”

Section: Bcfa Are Normal Constituents Of the Human Neonatal Gut And Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Branched-Chain Fatty Acids in the Neonatal Gut and Estimated Dietary Intake in Infancy and Adulthood

Ran-Ressler

Glahn

Bae

et al. 2013

Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop Series

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Branched chain fatty acids (BCFA) are primarily saturated fatty acids (FA) with a methyl branch, usually near the terminal methyl group. BCFA are abundant in bacteria, skin, and vernix caseosa but have seldom been studied with respect to human nutrition. They are constituents of the term newborn infant gut lumen, being swallowed as vernix particulate components of amniotic fluid in the last trimester of normal pregnancy. We recently showed that BCFA protect against Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) in the rat pup model. Dietary BCFA at levels similar to those found in human vernix reduced NEC incidence by more than 50%, increased the abundance of BCFA-containing bacteria, and increased the expression of ileal anti-inflammatory IL-10. The few published reports of BCFA in human milk enable an estimate that breast fed infants consume 19 mg BCFA per 100ml milk. Dietary BCFA consumption from milkfat and other ruminant products, the main sources of dietary BCFA, is more than 400 mg BCFA per day in adult Americans. This estimate exceeds by several fold the average dietary intake of bioactive FA, such as docosahexaenoic acid. BCFA are bioactive, abundant but neglected components of the human food supply.

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Section: Bcfa Are Normal Constituents Of the Human Neonatal Gut And Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Branched-Chain Fatty Acids in the Neonatal Gut and Estimated Dietary Intake in Infancy and Adulthood

Ran-Ressler

Glahn

Bae

et al. 2013

Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop Series

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“…Late in gestation, vernix becomes suspended in AF, and is swallowed by the fetus in increasing amounts as term birth approaches [12], [13]. At term, AF contains about 154 mg/L lipids overall [14] and of these, BCFA are about 17 mg/L [15]. The fetus swallows 200–500 ml/d of AF near term [16], providing an estimated 6 mg BCFA per day exposure to the fetal gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and totaling 180 mg BCFA in the last month of gestation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Branched Chain Fatty Acids Reduce the Incidence of Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Alter Gastrointestinal Microbial Ecology in a Neonatal Rat Model

et al. 2011

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IntroductionBranched chain fatty acids (BCFA) are found in the normal term human newborn's gut, deposited as major components of vernix caseosa ingested during late fetal life. We tested the hypothesis that premature infants' lack of exposure to gastrointestinal (GI) BCFA is associated with their microbiota and risk for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) using a neonatal rat model.MethodsPups were collected one day before scheduled birth. The pups were exposed to asphyxia and cold stress to induce NEC. Pups were assigned to one of three experimental treatments. DF (dam-fed) ; Control, hand-fed rat milk substitute ; BCFA, hand-fed rat milk substitute with 20%w/w BCFA. Total fat was equivalent (11%wt) for both the Control and BCFA groups. Cecal microbiota were characterized by 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing, and intestinal injury, ileal cytokine and mucin gene expression, interleukin-10 (IL-10) peptide immunohistochemistry, and BCFA uptake in ileum phospholipids, serum and liver were assessed.ResultsNEC incidence was reduced by over 50% in the BCFA group compared to the Control group as assessed in ileal tissue; microbiota differed among all groups. BCFA-fed pups harbored greater levels of BCFA-associated Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared to Controls. Bacillus subtilis levels were five-fold greater in healthy pups compared to pups with NEC. BCFA were selectively incorporated into ileal phospholipids, serum and liver tissue. IL-10 expression increased three-fold in the BCFA group versus Controls and no other inflammatory or mucosal mRNA markers changed.ConclusionAt constant dietary fat level, BCFA reduce NEC incidence and alter microbiota composition. BCFA are also incorporated into pup ileum where they are associated with enhanced IL-10 and may exert other specific effects.

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“…Parker and Peterson (1965) investigated the digestion and colorimetric deter- phospholipid composition of serum is quite different to that of amniotic fluid (Biezenski et al, 1968), any contamination with blood may therefore distort the phospolipid profile of the amniotic fluid. To minimise errors and standardise the technique we used only uncentrifuged amniotic fluids which were uncontaminated with blood or meconium and on which analysis could begin within 2 h of collection from the patient.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%