Studies on the Pathogenesis of Staphylococcal Osteomyelitis in Chickens. II. Role of the Respiratory Tract as a Route of Infection

Mutalib, Ahmed; Riddell, C; Ad, Osborne

doi:10.2307/1590380

Cited by 27 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Similarities were found by Harry (1967a) between strains of S. aureus recovered from skin, upper respiratory tract and bone lesions, and he suggested that staphylococcal infections may occur following mechanical damage, or disease which favours tissue invasion, in previously colonized birds. A low percentage (10.0%) of 10 chickens developed osteomyelitis when a high challenge of S. aureus organisms (5 1 0 11 ) was given intratracheally in a single dose, compared with 100% in 10 birds after a lower challenge (5 ´10 6 ) was given intravenously (Mutalib et al, 1983b). Only the 10 birds exposed to S. aureus by the intratracheal route were colonized by S. aureus in the respiratory tract.…”

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several subsequent attempts to reproduce BCO using S. aureus by aerosol in broilers also proved unsuccessful (Mutalib et al, 1983b), despite the additional stresses of wetting and chilling. Jensen et al (1987) found that the lung and liver of 19-day-old turkeys became colonized by S. aureus following aerosol exposure to this pathogen.…”

Section: Inoculation Of S Aureus Via Aerosolmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis ('femoral head necrosis') of broiler chickens: A review

McNamee¹,

Smyth²

2000

Avian Pathology

140

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Bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO) in chickens was first reported in 1972 and is now recognized as an important cause of lameness in broiler chickens. Recent systematic studies of causes of lameness in birds reared in Northern Ireland have shown that it was the most common cause of lameness, being present in 17.3% of lame birds. Furthermore, it was also detected in birds presented as "found dead". Overall losses in male birds due to BCO were estimated to be 0.75% of all birds placed, which, in addition to welfare concerns, represents considerable economic loss. The disease has been seen in birds ranging from 14 to 70 days of age, but most cases occurred around 35 days old. It is most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, but Escherichia coli, coagulase-negativ e staphylococci and Enterococcus spp. are sometimes involved, as are, rarely, other bacteria. The lesions are most commonly found associated with the growth plates of long bones, particularly the proximal growth plate of the femur and tibiotarsus, but other bones may also be affected. Since lesions were visible to the naked eye in only 40 to 67% of cases, histological examination is recommended where no lesions are visible macroscopically. As the lesion may be present in only one growth plate, and because histological examination is often not carried out, BCO is almost certainly underdiagnosed. The exact pathogenesis of the condition is unknown, but it is thought that adherence of blood-borne bacteria to exposed cartilage at the tips of metaphyseal blood vessels is fundamental. Under controlled experimental conditions, infection of birds with the immunosuppressive viruses chicken anaemia virus and infectious bursal disease virus increased the incidence of the disease, while restricting feed intake reduced the incidence of disease. S. aureus strains identical to, or closely related to, isolates recovered from naturally occurring cases of the disease (as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis) have been recovered from fluff-debris in hatcheries, and also from the environment of breeding flocks, indicating that infection in the breeding farm and in the hatchery could be an important source of infection. It has also been shown that humans can carry poultry strains of S. aureus on their hands. There is a higher incidence of BCO in birds hatched from floor eggs. Thus, hygiene and management practice on breeder farms and in the hatchery may influence the occurrence of the disease. Bacteraemia is a prerequisite for BCO. Indeed, in some flocks suffering losses due to BCO, there are also losses due to staphylococcal septicaemia. Thus, appropriate treatment of affected flocks should reduce losses due to septicaemia. It should also reduce the occurrence of bacteraemia and the development of further cases of BCO. However, birds in which BCO has already developed, are unlikely to respond to treatment. Control of BCO by vaccination seems unlikely in the short term. Simple bacterins have not been effective and much basic research is needed to i...

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Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Inoculation Of S Aureus Via Aerosolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis ('femoral head necrosis') of broiler chickens: A review

McNamee¹,

Smyth²

2000

Avian Pathology

140

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“…Several models have been developed for inducing BCO, and most of these models involve exposing birds to Staph. aureus through intravenous injection, tracheal inoculation, or aerosol inhalation (Nairn, 1973;Mutalib et al, 1983b;McNamee et al, 1999). Whereas these models do consistently induce significant incidences of BCO, they also require broilers to be intentionally exposed to pathogenic bacteria species, which is incompatible with the biosecurity constraints for most research facilities and commercial genetic selection programs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating portable wire-flooring models for inducing bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis in broilers

Gilley

Lester

Pevzner³

et al. 2014

Poultry Science

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Rearing broilers on flat or sloping wire flooring is an effective method for consistently triggering lameness attributable to bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO). Portable obstacles known as speed bumps (SB) also consistently trigger modest incidences of BCO when they are installed between feed and water lines in litter flooring facilities. Two experiments were conducted to determine the most effective broiler age for introducing the SB into litter flooring pens, and to evaluate alternative configurations of the traditional SB with the expectation that amplified mechanical challenges to the legs of broilers should increase the incidence of BCO. Broiler chicks obtained from commercial hatcheries (lines B and D in experiment 1, lines A and B in experiment 2) were reared in floor pens with ad libitum feed and water and a 23L:1D photoperiod. In experiment 1, the 5 floor treatments included wood shavings litter only (L), flat wire only (W), or litter plus SB installed at 14, 28, or 42 d of age. Line B was more susceptible to lameness than line D (25.9 vs. 15.3% for all treatments combined; P = 0.001). Both lines developed low incidences of lameness on L (11 to 13%), intermediate incidences on SB regardless of day of installation (12 to 23%), and high incidences on W (21 to 39%). In experiment 2, broilers were reared with 7 floor treatments, including L, W, SB with a 50% slope (SB50%); SB50% with a limbo bar installed over the apex; SB with a 66% slope and limbo bar; SB50% with a nipple water line suspended over the apex; and a pagoda-top SB. All SB were inserted on d 28. Line B was more susceptible to lameness than line A (20.2 vs. 16.1% for all treatments combined; P < 0.05), and for both lines combined the lameness percentages averaged 7.7 (L), 29.2 (W), 17.3 (SB50%), 16.2 (SB50% with a limbo bar), 21.5 (SB with a 66% slope and limbo bar), 20.8 (SB50% with a nipple water line), and 11.5% (pagoda-top). These studies demonstrate the portable SB can be effectively used to experimentally trigger BCO in broilers.

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“…The Another hypothesis to account for the injuries of the affected organs would be the toxin production. It is shown that Staphylococcus aureus contains the protein-A, which is a cellwall component, implicated in the immunogenicity and may be a virulence factor (Mutalib et al 1983b, Pauli et al 2014. Furthermore, there are other toxins and enzymes produced by Staphylococcus aureus, which seem to correlate with the pathogenesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systemic staphylococcosis in partridge chicks

Tavakkoli¹,

Kheirandish²,

Ghanbarpoor³

et al. 2016

EurasianJVetSci

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Studies on the Pathogenesis of Staphylococcal Osteomyelitis in Chickens. II. Role of the Respiratory Tract as a Route of Infection

Cited by 27 publications

References 9 publications

Bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis ('femoral head necrosis') of broiler chickens: A review

Bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis ('femoral head necrosis') of broiler chickens: A review

Evaluating portable wire-flooring models for inducing bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis in broilers

Systemic staphylococcosis in partridge chicks

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