Studies on the production of enterotoxins by Bacillus cereus.

Turnbull, P. C. B.

doi:10.1136/jcp.29.10.941

Cited by 45 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…On the other hand, Thompson e t al. (1984) found experimental evidence for a probable multicomponent or subunit enterotoxin structure. Three antigenic components were identified by chromatographic separation of extracellular proteins produced by B. cerem B-4ac.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The bceT gene of Bacillus cereus encodes an enterotoxic protein

Agata¹,

et al. 1995

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A toxin gene (bcel) on a 2.9 kb DNA fragment of Bacillus cereus B4ac was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and its nucleotide sequence determined. The DNA fragment contained an open reading frame capable of encoding a polypeptide of 336 amino acids with a molecular mass of 41 039 Da. The translated product in E. coli exhibited Vero cell cytotoxicity, and was positive in a vascular permeability assay. It also caused fluid accumulation in a ligated mouse ileal loop and was lethal to mice upon injection. These biological activities are considered characteristic of diarrhoeal enterotoxins. We therefore conclude that this gene, designated bceT, encodes one of the enterotoxic proteins of B. cereus which cause food-borne diarrhoea.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This organism causes two different types of human gastroenteritis (Turnbull, 1976 ;Turnbull e t al., 1979b). The ability of B. cereuJ to cause diarrhoea is attributed to the production of an enterotoxin (B. cerem diarrhoeal enterotoxin, designated bc-D-ENT in this study) (Gilbert & Kramer, 1984;Turnbull, 1981).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The bceT gene of Bacillus cereus encodes an enterotoxic protein

Agata¹,

et al. 1995

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“…The results from an examination of the three strains used in the feeding trials are shown in from recent work (Turnbull, 1976) that strains which actually produce diarrhoea exhibit the ability to stimulate adenylate cyclase activity as well as giving loop positives. Strain 2532B did not stimulate adenylcyclase activity, but strain 4433 did.…”

Section: Ligated Rabbit Ileal Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of a novel enterotoxigenic activity associated with Bacillus cereus.

Melling¹,

Capel²,

Turnbull³

et al. 1976

J Clin Pathol

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SYNOPSIS A strain of Bacillus cereus isolated from a food poisoning outbreak characterized by vomiting has been shown to be capable of causing vomiting when cultures grown on rice, but not other media, were fed to Rhesus monkeys. In contrast, a strain isolated from a diarrhoeal outbreak produced diarrhoea, but not vomiting, when grown on various media in similar feeding trials. Furthermore, culture filtrates from the diarrhoeal strain caused fluid accumulation in ligated rabbit ileal loops whereas those from the vomiting strain did not. It is proposed that at least two enterotoxins are involved, one responsible for the vomiting and one for the diarrhoeal symptoms.Bacillus cereus has been implicated in food poisoning outbreaks since early this century (Lubenau, 1906) but it was not until after 1950 that the by now classic description of B. cereus gastroenteritis was made (Hauge, 1950;1955; Goepfert etal, 1972). The illness was characterized by symptoms of diarrhoea and abdominal pain between 8 and 16 hours after ingestion of food; vomiting was rare. A wide variety of foods has been involved including meat and vegetable soups, cooked meat and poultry, cooked vegetables, puddings, and sauces. An enterotoxin from B. cereus strains isolated from such incidents has been partially characterized (Spira and Goepfert, 1975).Since 1971, however, numerous incidents of food poisoning associated with consumption of cooked rice from Chinese restaurants and 'take-away' shops have been reported in this country as well as in Australia, Canada, and the Netherlands . Although these outbreaks were also attributed to B. cereus (Mortimer and McCann, 1974;Gilbert and Taylor, 1975), the characteristic features were acute nausea and vomiting, usually occurring between 1 and 5 hours after a meal; diarrhoea was not a common feature.Monkey feeding trials have therefore been carried out in an attempt to confirm that these recent riceassociated outbreaks were in fact caused by B. cereus and to determine whether or not a new enterotoxigenic material was involved.Received for publication 12 April 1976 Material and methods ORGANISMSThree strains of B. cereus were used. Strain 4810/73 (formerly strain 88) was originally isolated from vomitus and had been implicated in a typical riceassociated illness. Strain 4433/73 had been isolated from meat loaf and was implicated in a typical diarrhoeal food poisoning outbreak. The serology of these strains has been described . Strain 2532B/74 was isolated from raw rice and had not been implicated in any food poisoning outbreak and was non-typable according to the scheme of Taylor and Gilbert (1975). SEROTYPINGSerotyping was carried out by the method of Taylor and Gilbert (1975). CULTURE METHODSFor rice cultures 100 g of ordinary cooking rice(short grain) was soaked in 400 ml of 0 95 % saline in 2-litre flasks and autoclaved at 115°C for 15 minutes. The rice was inoculated with 30 ml of an 8-hour culture of B. cereus in tryptone soya broth and incubated at 30°C for [18][19][20] hours. The rice culture w...

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“…Cereulideproducing B. cereus isolates are frequently reported in processed foods, implicated (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16) or not implicated (17)(18)(19)(20)(21) with foodborne illness, but appear infrequently in farming or natural outdoor environments (22)(23)(24)(25)(26).…”

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confidence: 99%

Potato Crop as a Source of Emetic Bacillus cereus and Cereulide-Induced Mammalian Cell Toxicity

Hoornstra

Andersson

Теплова

et al. 2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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e Bacillus cereus, aseptically isolated from potato tubers, were screened for cereulide production and for toxicity on human and other mammalian cells. The cereulide-producing isolates grew slowly, the colonies remained small (ϳ1 mm), tested negative for starch hydrolysis, and varied in productivity from 1 to 100 ng of cereulide mg (wet weight) ؊1 (ϳ0.01 to 1 ng per 10 5 CFU). By DNA-fingerprint analysis, the isolates matched B. cereus F5881/94, connected to human food-borne illness, but were distinct from cereulide-producing endophytes of spruce tree (Picea abies). Exposure to cell extracts (1 to 10 g of bacterial biomass ml ؊1 ) and to purified cereulide (0.4 to 7 ng ml ؊1 ) from the potato isolates caused mitochondrial depolarization (loss of ⌬⌿m) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and keratinocytes (HaCaT), porcine spermatozoa and kidney tubular epithelial cells (PK-15), murine fibroblasts (L-929), and pancreatic insulin-producing cells (MIN-6). Cereulide (10 to 20 ng ml ؊1 ) exposed pancreatic islets (MIN-6) disintegrated into small pyknotic cells, followed by necrotic death. Necrotic death in other test cells was observed only after a 2-log-higher exposure. Exposure to 30 to 60 ng of cereulide ml ؊1 induced K ؉ translocation in intact, live PBMC, keratinocytes, and sperm cells within seconds of exposure, depleting 2 to 10% of the cellular K ؉ stores within 10 min. The ability of cereulide to transfer K ؉ ions across biological membranes may benefit the producer bacterium in K ؉ -deficient environments such as extracellular spaces inside plant tissue but is a pathogenic trait when in contact with mammalian cells. C ereulide, the emetic toxin of Bacillus cereus, is most likely responsible for the severe cases of illness connected to the consumption of food contaminated with B. cereus (1-9). Cereulideproducing B. cereus isolates are frequently reported in processed foods, implicated (3-16) or not implicated (17-21) with foodborne illness, but appear infrequently in farming or natural outdoor environments (22-26).B. cereus is known to occur in the rhizomicrobiota and endophytic community of plants, as well as in root vegetables, including potato (27), but these habitats have not been searched for cereulide producers (28). The extracellular spaces of plants, as well as natural waters, including soil water, contain Ͻ1 mM K ϩ ions, whereas the concentration of K ϩ in the interior of the cytoplasmic space of plant cells, as well as in bacteria, is Ͼ100 mM (29, 30). Bacteria living in the extracellular spaces of the tuber of a crop plant must thus compete for K ϩ ions with its plant host and with other bacteria inside the crop plant.Cereulide is known to be a heat-stable cyclic depsipeptide (6, 31, 32) with high affinity and selectivity for sequestering K ϩ ions from a low-potassium environment (33-35). We recently found (36) that an endophytic, cereulide-producing Bacillus cereus strain (37) from Picea abies (Norway spruce), had a competitive advantage against nonproducers in potassium-deficient (Ͻ...

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Studies on the production of enterotoxins by Bacillus cereus.

Cited by 45 publications

References 28 publications

The bceT gene of Bacillus cereus encodes an enterotoxic protein

The bceT gene of Bacillus cereus encodes an enterotoxic protein

Identification of a novel enterotoxigenic activity associated with Bacillus cereus.

Potato Crop as a Source of Emetic Bacillus cereus and Cereulide-Induced Mammalian Cell Toxicity

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