Studies on the resistance of malaria to chloroquine and to a combination of chloroquine and pyrimethamine in Peninsular Malaysia

Abstract

In vivo chloroquine resistance surveys, which allowed for detection of late recrudescing RI resistance, were conducted in three regions of Peninsular Malaysia, which were previously not recognized as having appreciable drug resistance. Among the 485 Plasmodium falciparum infections tested resistance rates ranged locally from 20% to 67% in those with parasitaemias over 1,000 per mm3, and 5% to 59% in all parasitaemias. The region found to have the most serious resistance was western Pahang. In one study a combination of chloroquine and pyrimethamine proved no more efficacious than chloroquine alone. Most of the resistance encountered was the late recrudescing RI type. There was no apparent correlation between drug resistance and Anopheles balabacensis as this species was not found despite intensive collections in two of the three main regions. There was no evidence of resistance among the 222 P. vivax and 35 P. malariae infections also tested.

Dihydrofolate-Reductase Mutations in Plasmodium knowlesi Appear Unrelated to Selective Drug Pressure from Putative Human-To-Human Transmission in Sabah, Malaysia

“…In Malaysia, proguanil was deployed from the late 1940s, and resistance documented almost immediately. Pyrimethamine resistance was documented from the mid-1970s onwards[ 32 ], although sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) continued to be used as a first-line medication for the treatment and prophylaxis of P . falciparum for over 30 years until artemisinin-combination therapy (ACT) was introduced after 2009.…”

Full-Length Sequence Analysis of Chloroquine Resistance Transporter Gene inPlasmodium falciparumIsolates from Sabah, Malaysia

“…However, the first case of chloroquine resistant (CQR) P. falciparum was reported in 1963 [ 5 ] and subsequently more CQR cases were reported from Sabah, Sarawak, and Peninsular Malaysia [ 4 , 6 , 7 ]. Therefore, sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SDX/PYR) was later adopted as the first-line treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah in 1979 [ 8 ]. And, to date, artemisinin-combinational therapy (ACTs) is used as the first-line treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria.…”

Kesan Ekstrak Daun Jambu Batu (Psidium Guajava) Terhadap Eritrosit Terinfeksi Plasmodium Berghei NK 65

“…Sekali gus menukar komponen genetiknya menjadi lebih rintang. Laporan kerintangan ubat antimalaria (klorokuin) ke atas strain Plasmodium falciparum yang pertama di Malaysia dilaporkan pada tahun 1963 oleh Montgomery dan Eyles (1963), diikuti dengan beberapa laporan lain di Sabah (Clyde, Han & Huang 1973), gabungan klorokuinpirimetamin (Dondero Jr., Parsons & Ponnampalam 1976), sulfadoksin-pirimetamin dan akhir sekali keduadua gabungan di kawasan endemik Semenanjung Malaysia (Lokman et al 1996).…”