Studies Relating to the Problem of Binocular Summation.

Laird, Donald A.

doi:10.1037/h0072600

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The percentage reduction in the stimulus intensity effective for binocular observation, compared with monocular observation, is presented for each observer in Table III. The values were calculated by the use of a formula suggested by Laird (22). 7 The range in percentage reduction of stimulus values, for the five observers, is from 20 percent to 40 percent, the average being 29 percent.…”

Section: Procedures and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Binocular summation in scotopic vision.

Shaad¹

1935

Journal of Experimental Psychology

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Investigations of different aspects of visual perception frequently raise the question of whether or not stimuli appear brighter when seen with both eyes than when they are seen with only one eye. Summation, denned as an additive effect occurring within the central nervous system which is mediated by binocular perception and characterized by an increase in the apparent brightness of a given field, is a factor which may influence measurements of visual sensitivity under conditions of dark adaptation. The semi-decussation of the optic tracts, homolateral parts of the retinae being represented on corresponding cortical hemispheres, is a fact which has led to the formation of various theories concerning the interaction of the two retinal fields, which, after neural elaboration, are united to form a single perceptual field.Although the problem of summation has been primary in a number of studies, there has been such variation in the methods of experiment, combined many times with insufficient * This study is condensed from a dissertation prepared under the direction of Dr. H. Helson and accepted by Bryn Mawr College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Copies of the dissertation are on file at the Bryn Mawr College Library. The writer is indebted to Dr. Helson for generous assistance in the experimental work and constructive criticism in the preparation of the thesis.

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Section: Procedures and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Binocular summation in scotopic vision.

Shaad¹

1935

Journal of Experimental Psychology

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“…Illumination was provided by a 150-W light bulb with a dimmer attachment. The suggestion has been made in the literature that there is a greater binocular advantage in dim light than in bright light (Forbes & Mote, 1956;Laird, 1924;Shaad, 1935). Therefore, the experiments were performed in both normal bright light, 16 ft-C. (172.22 Ix), and dim light, .5 ft-C. (5.38 Ix), to test this possibility.…”

Section: General Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why two eyes are better than one: The two views of binocular vision.

Jones¹,

Lee²

1981

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

136

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Despite centuries of research on the topic, the answer to the question "'Are two eyes significantly better than one, independent of stereopsis?" is still uncertain. In this investigation, steps are taken toward answering the question in a behavioral context. Three sets of experiments are reported in which human binocular and monocular performance are compared in a variety of exteroceptive and visuomotor tasks. In all of the experiments, two eyes facilitated performance. The findings suggest that the binocular system is able to detect the matching information, that is, the concordance, in the monocular optic arrays and to use that information to increase visual efficiency. Furthermore, stereopsis was not found to be important in the performance of visuomotor skills in three dimensions when the subjects were free to move their heads. Thus, the results indicate that an important ecological benefit of binocular frontal vision is having binocular concordance, rather than having binocular disparity.

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“…Piper (40), who first worked in this field, believed that the true binocular threshold is one-half the monocular. Laird (31) seems to feel that proof of complete addition is necessary to demonstrate summation. In view of the general findings in the field, especially on account of the fact that rarely if ever does a given set of data show exact binocular " stimulus addition," the term " summation " will be applied in this paper to any results in which the binocular threshold is significantly lower than that for either eye.…”

Section: Binocular " Summation "mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After this, however, the monocular and binocular curves diverged rapidly, until at the end of an hour the binocular sensitivity was approximately double that of either eye. Following Piper, Feilchenfeld and Loeser (22), Stargadt (31), Horn (27), Streiff (32), and Behr (10) did some work on the problem. Their results in general supported Piper, although they found great individual variability.…”

Section: Binocular " Summation "mentioning

confidence: 99%

Binocular and monocular relations in foveal dark adaptation.

Cook¹

1934

Psychological Monographs

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Studies Relating to the Problem of Binocular Summation.

Cited by 6 publications

References 5 publications

Binocular summation in scotopic vision.

Binocular summation in scotopic vision.

Why two eyes are better than one: The two views of binocular vision.

Binocular and monocular relations in foveal dark adaptation.

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