“…The dominating influence of technology as the driving force for smart learning is another common thread between the Korean scholars' discussion and international scholarly community. The discourse on the technology requirements (i.e., smart device, mobile devices, advanced ICT, computers, sensors, cloud computing, Internet, wireless networks, servers) and system features (i.e., intelligent, customized, adaptive, personalized, real-time/sensing, immersive, flexible, optimized, mobility, easy/convenient) that surfaced among Korean definitions closely aligned to the features and technology requirements identified by international scholars on smart learning environments over the years (Hwang 2014;Kinshuk et al 2016;Klimova and Simonova 2015;Koper 2014;Raghunath et al 2018;Tikhomirov et al 2015;Zhu et al 2011). However, the international discourse includes a broader scope of system features and requirements which Korean scholars have not yet identified such as context awareness, device and data security, big data and learning analytics, interoperability, pervasiveness, and self-directed guided systems that provide guidance, hints, and learning suggestions to help learners achieve learning goals (Hwang 2014;Kinshuk et al 2016;Raghunath et al 2018;.…”