Study of a high-resolution, 3D positioning cadmium zinc telluride detector for PET

Gu, Yi; Matteson, J. L.; Skelton, R. T.; Deal, Aaron C.; Stephan, Edwin A.; Duttweiler, Fred; Gasaway, Thomas M.; Levin, Craig S.

doi:10.1088/0031-9155/56/6/004

Cited by 87 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In the latter, semiconductor detectors such as CZT and CdTe are used [40][41][42][43][44], but these detectors are reported to have poor timing resolution not suitable for ToF-PET [45]. Thus, in most ToF-PET detectors, the indirect detection method is adopted.…”

Section: Choice Of Detectors For Tof-petmentioning

confidence: 99%

Instrumentation for Time-of-Flight Positron Emission Tomography

Ullah

Pratiwi

Cheon

et al. 2016

Nucl Med Mol Imaging

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Positron emission tomography (PET) is a molecular imaging modality that provides information at the molecular level. This system is composed of radiation detectors to detect incoming coincident annihilation gamma photons emitted from the radiopharmaceutical injected into a patient's body and uses these data to reconstruct images. A major trend in PET instrumentation is the development of time-of-flight positron emission tomography (ToF-PET). In ToF-PET, the time information (the instant the radiation is detected) is incorporated for image reconstruction. Therefore, precise and accurate timing recording is crucial in ToF-PET. ToF-PET leads to better localization of the annihilation event and thus results in overall improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the reconstructed image. Several factors affect the timing performance of ToF-PET. In this article, the background, early research and recent advances in ToF-PET instrumentation are presented. Emphasis is placed on the various types of scintillators, photodetectors and electronic circuitry for use in ToF-PET, and their impact on timing resolution is discussed.

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Section: Choice Of Detectors For Tof-petmentioning

confidence: 99%

Instrumentation for Time-of-Flight Positron Emission Tomography

Ullah

Pratiwi

Cheon

et al. 2016

Nucl Med Mol Imaging

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“…On the other hand, there are numerous detector designs in research systems aimed at optimizing one or more of the aforementioned characteristics. For example, utilizing semiconductor detector like cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) that can achieve excellent spatial and energy resolutions; 4 detector configurations that provides depth-of-interaction (DOI) information; 5 detectors utilizing monolithic scintillator that provides good spatial resolution and manufacturability; [6][7][8][9] and nonconventional radiation detectors such as resistive plate chamber (RPC)-PET with superior spatial information, 10 etc. Among the various possible detector types for PET, scintillation crystal based detectors are by far the most prevalent due to established technologies and trade-off of the characteristics mentioned above.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Side readout of long scintillation crystal elements with digital SiPM for TOF‐DOI PET

2014

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Purpose: Side readout of scintillation light from crystal elements in positron emission tomography (PET) is an alternative to conventional end-readout configurations, with the benefit of being able to provide accurate depth-of-interaction (DOI) information and good energy resolution while achieving excellent timing resolution required for time-of-flight PET. This paper explores different readout geometries of scintillation crystal elements with the goal of achieving a detector that simultaneously achieves excellent timing resolution, energy resolution, spatial resolution, and photon sensitivity. Methods: The performance of discrete LYSO scintillation elements of different lengths read out from the end/side with digital silicon photomultipliers (dSiPMs) has been assessed. Results: Compared to 3 × 3 × 20 mm 3 LYSO crystals read out from their ends with a coincidence resolving time (CRT) of 162 ± 6 ps FWHM and saturated energy spectra, a side-readout configuration achieved an excellent CRT of 144 ± 2 ps FWHM after correcting for timing skews within the dSiPM and an energy resolution of 11.8% ± 0.2% without requiring energy saturation correction. Using a maximum likelihood estimation method on individual dSiPM pixel response that corresponds to different 511 keV photon interaction positions, the DOI resolution of this 3 × 3 × 20 mm 3 crystal side-readout configuration was computed to be 0.8 mm FWHM with negligible artifacts at the crystal ends. On the other hand, with smaller 3 × 3 × 5 mm 3 LYSO crystals that can also be tiled/stacked to provide DOI information, a timing resolution of 134 ± 6 ps was attained but produced highly saturated energy spectra. Conclusions: The energy, timing, and DOI resolution information extracted from the side of long scintillation crystal elements coupled to dSiPM have been acquired for the first time. The authors conclude in this proof of concept study that such detector configuration has the potential to enable outstanding detector performance in terms of timing, energy, and DOI resolution. C 2014 American Association of Physicists in Medicine. [http://dx

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“…Some results 261 indicate that focused improvements of PET energy resolution can be beneficial, for example, employing lanthanum() bromide (LaBr 3 )-based scintillators 265 or cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe, CZT)-based detectors. 266 Since PET is based on the principle of electronic collimation (rather than mechanical, as SPECT), the sensitivity of a PET scanner for scattered radiation is more complex. It is a well-known fact that the set of possible annihilation locations for an unscattered coincidence is a LOR.…”

Section: Beyond True Coincidencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attenuation correction in emission tomography using the emission data—A review

Berker

2016

Medical Physics

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The problem of attenuation correction (AC) for quantitative positron emission tomography (PET) had been considered solved to a large extent after the commercial availability of devices combining PET with computed tomography (CT) in 2001; single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) has seen a similar development. However, stimulated in particular by technical advances toward clinical systems combining PET and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), research interest in alternative approaches for PET AC has grown substantially in the last years. In this comprehensive literature review, the authors first present theoretical results with relevance to simultaneous reconstruction of attenuation and activity. The authors then look back at the early history of this research area especially in PET; since this history is closely interwoven with that of similar approaches in SPECT, these will also be covered. We then review algorithmic advances in PET, including analytic and iterative algorithms. The analytic approaches are either based on the Helgason-Ludwig data consistency conditions of the Radon transform, or generalizations of John's partial differential equation; with respect to iterative methods, we discuss maximum likelihood reconstruction of attenuation and activity (MLAA), the maximum likelihood attenuation correction factors (MLACF) algorithm, and their offspring. The description of methods is followed by a structured account of applications for simultaneous reconstruction techniques: this discussion covers organ-specific applications, applications specific to PET/MRI, applications using supplemental transmission information, and motion-aware applications. After briefly summarizing SPECT applications, we consider recent developments using emission data other than unscattered photons. In summary, developments using time-of-flight (TOF) PET emission data for AC have shown promising advances and open a wide range of applications. These techniques may both remedy deficiencies of purely MRI-based AC approaches in PET/MRI and improve standalone PET imaging. C

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Study of a high-resolution, 3D positioning cadmium zinc telluride detector for PET

Cited by 87 publications

References 26 publications

Instrumentation for Time-of-Flight Positron Emission Tomography

Instrumentation for Time-of-Flight Positron Emission Tomography

Side readout of long scintillation crystal elements with digital SiPM for TOF‐DOI PET

Attenuation correction in emission tomography using the emission data—A review

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