Study of biodiesel production from animal fats with high free fatty acid content

Martín, Juan Vicente González; Sánchez‍, Nuria; Martínez, Guadalupe; García, Lina

doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.068

Cited by 202 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…According to alkalicatalyzed biodiesel production, a feedstock requires FFA levels below 0.50 wt.%. Thus, it is clear that a pre-treatment process would be required to use UPO as a feedstock because the FFA can react with the alkali-catalyst to form soaps, which reduces ester yield in the product (Encinar et al, 2011). However, the FFA do not significantly affect the supercritical transesterification with methanol and ethanol (Kusdiana and Saka, 2004;Tan et al, 2010;Vieitez et al, 2012).…”

Section: Properties Of Rpo and Upomentioning

confidence: 99%

An entirely renewable biofuel production from used palm oil with supercritical ethanol at low molar ratio

Sakdasri

Sawangkeaw

Ngamprasertsith

2017

Braz. J. Chem. Eng.

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-The biofuel production from used palm oil (UPO) using supercritical ethanol (SCE) at low molar ratio was investigated in order to produce an entirely renewable fuel. The effects of the reaction time and ethanol to oil molar ratio were considered from 0.5 to 10 min and 6:1 to 18:1, respectively. The optimal parameters were 10 min and a 12:1 molar ratio, representing a remarkable reduction from 42:1 for the conventional SCE process. Because of the high operating temperature, the triglycerides conversion rate reached 99%, and the glycerides content met the international specification for biodiesel. However, an ester content of 70% was obtained at optimal conditions. The side reaction between glycerol and ethanol demonstrated a positive effect in increasing fuel yield by 8.15%. The product can be considered an alternative biofuel instead of biodiesel.

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Section: Properties Of Rpo and Upomentioning

confidence: 99%

An entirely renewable biofuel production from used palm oil with supercritical ethanol at low molar ratio

Sakdasri

Sawangkeaw

Ngamprasertsith

2017

Braz. J. Chem. Eng.

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“…Thus, exploring the use of low-value or non-edible feedstocks ( Figure 3) for biodiesel synthesis is a goal for innovation among biodiesel-producing partners. Besides waste cooking oils or animal fats, the biodiesel fuel market can also use unrefined oils [54,55] like crude soybean or canola oils ( Figure 3). …”

Section: The Feedstocksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Non-refined (crude) soybean oil is an alternative solution already investigated for enzymatic transesterification [55][56][57]. However, crude vegetable oils, also referred to as non-degummed oils, contain relatively high amounts of FFAs, plus certain impurities such as phosphorous compounds known as hydratable phospholipids or phosphatides, that may inhibit the transesterification reaction.…”

Section: The Feedstocksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moving towards a Competitive Fully Enzymatic Biodiesel Process

et al. 2015

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Enzymatic biodiesel synthesis can solve several problems posed by the alkaline-catalyzed transesterification but it has the drawback of being too expensive to be considered competitive. Costs can be reduced by lipase improvement, use of unrefined oils, evaluation of soluble/immobilized lipase preparations, and by combination of phospholipases with a soluble lipase for biodiesel production in a single step. As shown here, convenient natural tools have been developed that allow synthesis of high quality FAMEs (EN14214) from unrefined oils in a completely enzymatic single-step process, making it fully competitive.

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“…Para sanar as limitações da transesterificação básica homogênea, poder-se-ia produzir biodiesel por catálise homogênea ácida utilizando um ácido forte de Brönsted (doador de prótons), no entanto essa rota reacional é menos lenta em comparação à rota básica, diminui o rendimento de biodiesel, além de causar corrosão dos equipamentos. 4,8,9 A adequação de matérias-primas oleaginosas de baixa qualidade, ou seja, contendo elevado índice de acidez e elevado teor de água na obtenção sustentável de biodiesel, é de fundamental importân-cia. Estes insumos energéticos, se tratados adequadamente, podem contribuir de forma positiva para a preservação ambiental e redução do custo do processo reacional de transesterificação, tornando o biodiesel mais competitivo em comparação ao diesel de petróleo.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…Em geral, uma esterificação prévia é necessária, de forma a diminuir a concentração de ácidos graxos livres e permitir a posterior transesterificação básica da matéria-prima. 8,9 Os AGL reagem com a água na presença do catalisador alcalino, formando sais de ácidos graxos que dificultam a separação, lavagem e purificação do biodiesel. No final da rota reacional por transesterificação homogênea básica obtém-se duas fases distintas, uma menos densa contendo os monoésteres e uma fase mais densa contendo o glicerol.…”

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Esterificação E Transesterificação Homogênea De Óleos Vegetais Contendo Alto Teor De Ácidos Graxos Livres

Vieira¹,

Sousa²,

Rosas³

et al. 2017

Quim. Nova

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HOMOGENEOUS ESTERIFICATION AND TRANSESTERIFICATION OF VEGETABLE OILS WITH HIGH FREE FATTYACIDS CONTENT. The high free fatty acids content in some vegetable oils can have a negative impact in the sustainable production of biodiesel. The previous treatment of these feedstock oils can contribute to the reduction of the process total costs as well as the environment, turning the biodiesel a more competitive in relation to the fossil diesel. The aim of this work was to adequate low cost vegetable oils to the production of biodiesel by homogeneous catalysis. The feedstock was evaluated by its acidity, by its free fatty acids content, by its saponification index and its specific mass. The Biodiesel produced was characterized by high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed significant free fatty acids and humidity content, which are the main factors in the raising of the production costs. The results also showed that the esterification of the vegetable oils reduced its acidity in about 99%. The transesterification of the Brazilian nut oil previously esterified yields about 98% of biodiesel. Even though the biodiesel processing presents an alternative to the energetic self-sufficiency of Brazil, there are many challenges in the adequacy of these high acidity oils and fats for its production.Keywords: Vegetable oils; esterification; transesterification; biodiesel. INTRODUÇÃOO crescente aumento dos preços do petróleo, a possível diminuição das suas reservas mundiais ao longo das próximas décadas e os problemas ambientais de aquecimento global, causado pela emissão de gás carbônico proveniente da queima de combustíveis fósseis, têm aumentado a atratividade por fontes renováveis de energia. Entre essas fontes, uma com potencial para reduzir e/ou eliminar a dependência dos derivados de petróleo é o biodiesel. 1 O biodiesel é um combustível de queima limpa, originário de fontes naturais e renováveis como óleo vegetal, gordura animal e óleo comestível saturado gerado na cocção e fritura de alimentos. Ele possui propriedades como isenção de enxofre, maior ponto de fulgor, menor emissão de partículas de hidrocarbonetos, monóxido e dióxido de carbono, tem caráter atóxico e biodegradável que se sobrepõe em relação às propriedades dos derivados do petróleo. 2,3O método de obtenção de biodiesel mais utilizado na atualidade é o de transesterificação homogênea, no qual ocorre a interação entre os triacilglicerídeos (TAG) presentes nos óleos vegetais e/ou nas gorduras animais com um álcool de cadeia curta na presença de um catalisador de caráter básico para gerar biodiesel e glicerol. Como a reação de transesterificação é reversível, o álcool, em geral, é adicionado em excesso para deslocar o equilíbrio para direção dos produtos e garantir maior rendimento. O álcool em excesso é retirado por destilação e pode ser reutilizado após ser desidratado. [4][5][6][7] Na rota reacional por transesterificação homogênea alcalina, o catalisador é uma base forte de Brönsted (receptor de prótons). Nesse interim, ocorre inicialmente a re...

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Study of biodiesel production from animal fats with high free fatty acid content

Cited by 202 publications

References 32 publications

An entirely renewable biofuel production from used palm oil with supercritical ethanol at low molar ratio

An entirely renewable biofuel production from used palm oil with supercritical ethanol at low molar ratio

Moving towards a Competitive Fully Enzymatic Biodiesel Process

Esterificação E Transesterificação Homogênea De Óleos Vegetais Contendo Alto Teor De Ácidos Graxos Livres

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