Study of Catalytic CO ₂ Reduction Reactions by In Situ Characterization Techniques

From Structure to Catalysis: Advances in Metal‐Organic Frameworks‐Based Shape‐Selective Reactions

“…These methods encompass X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray adsorption Spectroscopy (XAS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and Raman spectroscopy (RS). [166] An X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique with unit cell properties and time-based measurements can serve as an effective tool for determining catalyst evolution, identifying stability, crystal phase, and phase transition, therefore providing guidance for the design of better catalysts. XPS can detect the type of elements by monitoring the coordination environment and valance states of the element.…”

“…The primary use of RS is to evaluate the changes of valence bond of the atoms in the catalyst and to determine reaction products in the liquid phase. [166][167][168] Table 2 presents a compre-hensive list of the various characterizations employed along with their respective objectives and applications.…”

“…These techniques enable the identification of intermediates, active sites, reaction pathways, modifications in catalysts, and the impacts of reaction environments and can conduct the element, state, and coordination detection. These methods encompass X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X‐ray adsorption Spectroscopy (XAS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy (UV‐Vis), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and Raman spectroscopy (RS) [166] …”

“…RS can also be helpful to recognize substances and their characteristics, for which the vibration and rotation energy levels of matter are obtained by analyzing the Raman spectrum. The primary use of RS is to evaluate the changes of valence bond of the atoms in the catalyst and to determine reaction products in the liquid phase [166–168] . Table 2 presents a comprehensive list of the various characterizations employed along with their respective objectives and applications.…”