Study of Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Recent Progress and New Challenges

Abstract

Amongst a number of different cathode materials, the layered nickel-rich LiNi y Co x Mn 1−y−x O 2 and the integrated lithium-rich xLi 2 MnO 3 ·(1 − x)Li[Ni a Co b Mn c ]O 2 (a + b + c = 1) have received considerable attention over the last decade due to their high capacities of~195 and~250 mAh·g −1 , respectively. Both materials are believed to play a vital role in the development of future electric vehicles, which makes them highly attractive for researchers from academia and industry alike. The review at hand deals with both cathode materials and highlights recent achievements to enhance capacity stability, voltage stability, and rate capability, etc. The focus of this paper is on novel strategies and established methods such as coatings and dopings.

Reaching Highly Stable Specific Capacity with Integrated 0.6Li2MnO3 : 0.4LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 Cathode Materials

“…Over this wide potential range, LRNCM622 shows fairly stable electrochemical performance delivering capacities around 185 and 200 mAh g −1 , respectively in the 2 nd and 100 th cycles (at 50 mA g −1 ) with stable average charge and discharge voltages (Figure ). This stable performance of LRNCM622 could be predicted since most of the integrated materials show cycling stability at a relatively moderate rate of C/5 at 30 °C . The corresponding differential capacity plots are shown in Figure a2, b2 and c2.…”

“…We attribute the capacity and voltage fading observed to irreversible change in the cathode structure. Although we did not explore yet these structural changes, we tentatively attribute them to irreversible oxidation of the oxygen atoms in the structure, which may include some oxygen release ,,. In turn, Figure c1 reveals a stable capacity of LRNCM622 cathodes with stable voltage profiles between 2.0 and 4.6 V. For the second cycle of LRNCM622 cathodes (Figure c1), the charge curves are below those of the first cycle because part of the Li 2 MnO 3 is becoming electrochemically active during the first charge process and is subsequently integrated with the layered active NCM component.…”

“…The high specific capacity of the Li 2 MnO 3 containing composite cathode materials relates to activation processes of material, i. e., at high voltages (>4.5 V) material undergoes structural changes (monoclinic→rhombohedral) and involves some oxygen evolution, which makes the Mn atoms electroactive. In the present study, solid solutions of NCM622 and Li 2 MnO 3 were prepared by self‐combustion reactions and cycled to potentials above 4.6 V to obtain higher capacity by the electrochemical activation of Li 2 MnO 3 …”

Energetics and cathode voltages of LiMPO4 olivines ( M=Fe , Mn) from extended Hubbard functionals

“…Despite steady progress in recent years and the introduction of new types of rechargeable batteries (e.g., K-, Na-, Mg-ion [1][2][3][4], or Li-air ones [5,6]) for dedicated purposes, many microscopic aspects of their behavior still need full clarification, with space for improvement and optimization [7][8][9][10][11]; significant research activity is taking place, in fact, on all battery components (anodes, cathodes, electrolytes) [12][13][14]. The constant efforts to improve performance have stimulated a vigorous search for better materials, especially for electrolytes (in the attempt to design solid-state media able to sustain safely higher voltages than their liquid counterparts, and comparable ionic currents) [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] and for cathodes (in order to identify more conductive, safer systems with higher energy density, higher voltage) [10,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. Cathode materials are, in fact, particularly important for the improvement of rechargeable Li-ion batteries as these components are not only the source of power, but also embody some of the most critical bottlenecks towards the improvement of current technologies including weight, safety, energy density, and overall power.…”

Hierarchical Nanostructured Benzoic Naphthalene Tetracarboxylic Di‐imide Organic Cathode for Lithium Ion Battery

“…Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are becoming more admired rechargeable batteries, which is used as a power source for electronic devices because of good rechargeability and power densities compared to other batteries. Currently, the designing of LIB is entirely relies on the intercalation of inorganic host materials which behaves as either cathode, anode . It is well known that transition metal oxide based electrode materials have many limitations such as low specific energy, capacity fade and more expensiveness.Hence, issue of these materials could be resolved by finding the alternative electrode materials.…”