Study of Crater in the Gobi Desert Induced by Ground Explosion of Large Amounts of TNT Explosive up to 10 Tons

Xu, Rongzheng; Chen, Li; Zheng, Yuzhou; Zhan, Lihua; Cao, Mingjin; Fang, Qin

doi:10.1155/2021/7357877

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…As can be seen from the above considerations, the size of the crater depends on many factors and changes significantly, even with a relatively small change in the influence parameters. However, empirical formulas can be found in the literature to estimate the size of the crater [12][13][14][15][16]. A high agreement between the results of the experiments is obtained in [16].…”

Section: Case Studymentioning

confidence: 79%

“…To estimate the amount of slurry dissipated in the water column, the explosion parameters and the approximate volume of the crater should be determined. Current research and publications mainly describe the analysis of craters formed after explosions on land [12][13][14][15][16]. There is a lack of studies and publications on measuring the size of the crater after an underwater explosion because water currents quickly wash away the crater formed in the sandy bottom.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimating the Size of a Crater after an Underwater Explosion

Kiciński

2023

Adv. Sci. Technol. Res. J.

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There have been terrorist attacks in the Baltic region that used explosives to destroy underwater infrastructure, including the Nord Stream 1 and 2 gas pipelines. Data from the Danish National Seismic Network indicate that two explosions occurred on 26 Sept 2022, causing gas leaks from pipelines. While examining the data from 26 Sept, two disturbing events were observed in the Baltic Sea, which caused tremors of magnitude 2.3 and 2.1 on the Richter scale. Both events had high wave energy, indicating an explosion, not an earthquake. Based on the above data, it was decided to analyze the potential effects of underwater explosions in the area of the Nord Stream gas pipelines. From the point of view of ecology, the volume of material torn up from the bottom is essential. For this purpose, empirical formulas for explosions on land were used, and then the crater's size was estimated per the physics of the underwater explosion phenomenon. Calculations indicate that the explosion of 750 kg of TNT will raise about 20 m 3 of the bottom volume into the water column. Because of the explosion, a gas bubble will form directly at the bottom, and it will suck the sand and the impurities contained in it and particles of dead organisms, bringing them to the surface and dispersing them in the water column. These attacks pose a severe environmental and safety risk as gas leaks from pipelines can cause harmful effects on marine ecosystems and people. It also violates international law and international agreements, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment in the Baltic Sea Region.

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Section: Case Studymentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the Size of a Crater after an Underwater Explosion

Kiciński

2023

Adv. Sci. Technol. Res. J.

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Adaptive Weighted Coherence Ratio Approach for Industrial Explosion Damage Mapping: Application to the 2015 Tianjin Port Incident

Su,

Fan

2024

Remote Sensing

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The 2015 Tianjin Port chemical explosion highlighted the severe environmental and structural impacts of industrial disasters. This study presents an Adaptive Weighted Coherence Ratio technique, a novel approach for assessing such damage using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. Our method overcomes limitations in traditional techniques by incorporating temporal and spatial weighting factors—such as distance from the explosion epicenter, pre- and post-event intervals, and coherence quality—into a robust framework for precise damage classification. This approach effectively captures extreme damage scenarios, including crater formation in inner blast zones, which are challenging for conventional coherence scaling. Through a detailed analysis of the Tianjin explosion, we reveal asymmetric damage patterns influenced by high-rise buildings and demonstrate the method’s applicability to other industrial disasters, such as the 2020 Beirut explosion. Additionally, we introduce a technique for estimating crater dimensions from coherence profiles, enhancing assessment in severely damaged areas. To support structural analysis, we model air pollutant dispersal using HYSPLIT simulations. This integrated approach advances SAR-based damage assessment techniques, providing rapid reliable classifications applicable to various industrial explosions, aiding disaster response and recovery planning.

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Study of Crater in the Gobi Desert Induced by Ground Explosion of Large Amounts of TNT Explosive up to 10 Tons

Cited by 2 publications

References 24 publications

Estimating the Size of a Crater after an Underwater Explosion

Estimating the Size of a Crater after an Underwater Explosion

Adaptive Weighted Coherence Ratio Approach for Industrial Explosion Damage Mapping: Application to the 2015 Tianjin Port Incident

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