Study of disturbed eating behaviors in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Abstract

Background: There is emergent evidence that disturbed eating behaviors, including emotional eating and obesity, co-occur with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. The hypothesis that disturbed eating behaviors in ADHD children are related to ADHD symptom severity, so we aimed to examine the link between ADHD symptoms and eating behaviors. Results: Fifty ADHD children were included, and they completed the Emotional Eating scale adapted for children (ESS-C) to evaluate eating in response to emotions. Parents completed the Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ) to assess children's eating behavior. Multivariable regression analysis was used to detect the most independent factor for higher body mass index (BMI) risk. Higher rates of overweight/obesity were detected among ADHD children than among the normal population. Also, higher Conners global index was associated with higher BMI z scores. Both inattentive and combined types were linked to higher BMI, while hyperactive type with lower BMI. Regarding eating behaviors, a positive association between food approach and BMI, and a negative association between food avoidant and BMI z-scores was found. Similarly, there was a noteworthy positive relation between emotional overeating and BMI. Sixty-eight of ADHD children were high emotional eaters, mainly inattentive and combined types. Others, mainly hyperactive type, were low emotional eaters. Only ESS-C total score was confirmed as an independent factor for higher BMI risk. Conclusion: Our findings provide evidence that emotional overeating and food approach eating behaviors are common among ADHD children with higher BMI associated with them. Future studies for a better understanding of this overlap will enhance potential interventions.

علاقة بعض الوظائف التنفیذیة والمزاج بخلل سلوكیات الأكل لدى عینة من الأطفال المصابین باضطراب نقص الانتباه وفرط النشاط

“…. ‫األف‬ ‫أن‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫والشباب‬ ‫البالغين‬ ‫دراسات‬ ‫من‬ ‫الحديثة‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫وتشير‬ ‫باضطراب‬ ‫المصابين‬ ‫راد‬ ‫عالية‬ ‫مخاطر‬ ‫ولديهم‬ ‫األكل،‬ ‫سلوكيات‬ ‫في‬ ‫اضطرابات‬ ‫لديهم‬ ‫النشاط‬ ‫وفرط‬ ‫االنتباه‬ ‫نقص‬ ‫بالسمنة‬ ‫لإلصابة‬ (Pagoto, et al,2009;lam&yong,2007) ‫؛‬ ‫الدراسات‬ ‫ندرة‬ ‫ومع‬ ‫األكل‬ ‫وسلوكيات‬ ‫النشاط‬ ‫وفرط‬ ‫االنتباه‬ ‫نقص‬ ‫اضطراب‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المشترك‬ ‫االعتالل‬ ‫تناولت‬ ‫التي‬ ‫المضط‬ ‫من‬ ‫كال‬ ‫دراسة‬ ‫أكدت‬ ، ً ‫سنا‬ ‫األصغر‬ ‫األطفال‬ ‫لدى‬ ‫ربة‬ (Kim, et al,2014;Leventakou, et al, 2016;Munsch, et al,2019;Essawy, et al Kraff,et al,2007;Choudhry,et al,2013;Racicka,et al,2021 ).…”

“…2020 ‫من‬ ‫كل‬ ‫دراسات‬ ‫نتائج‬ ‫مع‬ ‫النتائج‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫وتتفق‬ (Dempsey, et al,2011;Nederkoorn, et al,2012;Choudhry, et al,2013;Seymour, et al,2015;Hanć, et al,2015;Racicka-Pawlukiewicz, et al, (Wodka, et al, 2007;Alderson, et al,2010;Holmes, et al, 2010;Shimoni, et al,2012;Colomer, et al,2017;Al-Yagon, et al,2020;Shum, et al,2021, Parhoon, et al, . (Willcutt,et al,2005;Brown,2002,912;Barkley,2012) ‫الطفل‬ ‫وسلوك‬ ‫للمزاج‬ ‫بالنسبة‬ : ً ‫ثانيا‬ ‫من‬ ‫كل‬ ‫دراسة‬ ‫نتائج‬ ‫مع‬ ‫الباحث‬ ‫دراسة‬ ‫نتائج‬ ‫تتفق‬ (Waxmonsky, et al,2013;Gudjonsson ,et al, 2013;Blader, et al, 2016;Lenzi,et al, 2018;Zimmermann,et al,2019;Masi, et al, 2020;Uran& Kılıç, 2020;Melegari,et al, (Hanć, et al, 2015;Türkoğlu, Bilgiç& Akça, 2015;Steadman& Knouse.,2016;Kurz, et al,.2017;Yilmaz,et al,2017;Capusan, et al,2017;Hilbert, et al,2018;Aykutlu& Gorker, 2019;Brunault, et al,2020;Essawy,et al,2020;Jahrami,et al,2020 (Bedard& Witman,et al, 2020;Klefsjö,et al, 2021;Faheem, et al, 2022;Skogli, et al,2013;Ottosen, et al,2019;Antshel, et al,2006;Cortese, et al,2013;Mikami, et al,2010;Reinblatt, et al, and Behavio...…”

Changes in Anxiety following Taste Education Intervention: Fussy Eating Children with and without Neurodevelopmental Disorders

“…Fussy eating is quite common in children with ADHD (17-40%) compared with children without ND [11,[22][23][24], where challenging eating behaviors may be represented by impulsivity and overeating sweet and energy-dense foods, regardless of hunger levels, as well as refusing healthier options such as fruit and vegetables [25][26][27]. The onset of ADHD is in childhood and is defined by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity and may interfere with functioning, development, and eating behaviors [28][29][30][31]. Interestingly, 25-50% of 8-12-year-old children with high-functioning ASD have comorbid ADHD [22,32], which may account for some shared symptoms between children with ASD and ADHD.…”