For system identification under impulsive-noise environments, the gradient-based generalized maximum correntropy criterion (GB-GMCC) algorithm can achieve a desirable filtering performance. However, the gradient method only uses the information of the first-order derivative, and the corresponding stagnation point of the method can be a maximum point, a minimum point or a saddle point, and thus the gradient method may not always be a good selection. Furthermore, GB-GMCC merely uses the current input signal to update the weight vector; facing the highly correlated input signal, the convergence rate of GB-GMCC will be dramatically damaged. To overcome these problems, based on the Newton recursion method and the data-reusing method, this paper proposes a robust adaptive filtering algorithm, which is called the Newton recursion-based data-reusing GMCC (NR-DR-GMCC). On the one hand, based on the Newton recursion method, NR-DR-GMCC can use the information of the second-order derivative to update the weight vector. On the other hand, by using the data-reusing method, our proposal uses the information of the latest M input vectors to improve the convergence performance of GB-GMCC. In addition, to further enhance the filtering performance of NR-DR-GMCC, a random strategy can be used to extract more information from the past M input vectors, and thus we obtain an enhanced NR-DR-GMCC algorithm, which is called the Newton recursion-based random data-reusing GMCC (NR-RDR-GMCC) algorithm. Compared with existing algorithms, simulation results under system identification and acoustic echo cancellation are conducted and validate that NR-RDR-GMCC can provide a better filtering performance in terms of filtering accuracy and convergence rate.