Study of Germanium as Electrode in Thin-Film Battery

Laforge, B.; Levan-Jodin, L.; Salot, Raphaël; Billard, Alain

doi:10.1149/1.2820666

Cited by 131 publications

(147 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Much like its Si neighbour, Ge undergoes a large (± 370%) volume change on (de)alloying which may also lead to pulverisation of the local structure and a rapid decline in electrode performance [53]. In contrast, however, Li + diffusion in Ge is 400 times higher than in Si [54,55], while Ge also possesses higher (10 4 ) electrical conductivity, leading to the potential adoption of Ge in future high-rate Li-ion batteries. For example, Graetz et al [54], demonstrated a rate capability of their Ge thin films to current rates as high as 1000 C.…”

Section: Germaniummentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the performance of nanostructured materials as lithium-ion battery electrodes

et al. 2013

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Access to the full text of the published version may require a subscription. Rights © Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin ABSTRACTThe performance of the lithium-ion cell is heavily dependent on the ability of the host electrodes to accommodate and release Li + ions from the local structure. While the choice of electrode materials may define parameters such as cell potential and capacity, the process of intercalation may be physically limited by the rate of solid-state Li + diffusion. Increased diffusion rates in lithium-ion electrodes may be achieved through a reduction in the diffusion path, accomplished by a scaling of the respective electrode dimensions.In addition, some electrodes may undergo large volume changes associated with charging and discharging, the strain of which, may be better accommodated through nanostructuring. Failure of the host to accommodate such volume changes may lead to pulverisation of the local structure and a rapid loss of capacity. In this review article, we seek to highlight a number of significant gains in the development of nanostructured lithium-ion battery architectures (both anode and cathode), as drivers of potential next-generation electrochemical energy storage devices.

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Section: Germaniummentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the performance of nanostructured materials as lithium-ion battery electrodes

et al. 2013

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“…In addition, this has allowed comparison between observations performed using ex situ electrochemical experiments and in situ TEM electrochemical experiments. As an example, the formation of the intermediate Li-M and Li15M4 (where M = Si or Ge) phases that were observed in conventional electrochemical cells have been verified in situ via advanced TEM electrochemical experiments [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44]. In fact, in situ TEM investigations allow the identification of unknown Li-Ge phases, which were visible in the cyclic voltammograms but remained unknown.…”

Section: Germanium As Lib Anodementioning

confidence: 98%

High Energy Density Germanium Anodes for Next Generation Lithium Ion Batteries

Ocon¹,

Lee²,

Lee³

2014

Applied Chemistry for Engineering

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Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are the state-of-the-art technology among electrochemical energy storage and conversion cells, and are still considered the most attractive class of battery in the future due to their high specific energy density, high efficiency, and long cycle life. Rapid development of power-hungry commercial electronics and large-scale energy storage applications (e.g. off-peak electrical energy storage), however, requires novel anode materials that have higher energy densities to replace conventional graphite electrodes. Germanium (Ge) and silicon (Si) are thought to be ideal prospect candidates for next generation LIB anodes due to their extremely high theoretical energy capacities. For instance, Ge offers relatively lower volume change during cycling, better Li insertion/extraction kinetics, and higher electronic conductivity than Si. In this focused review, we briefly describe the basic concepts of LIBs and then look at the characteristics of ideal anode materials that can provide greatly improved electrochemical performance, including high capacity, better cycling behavior, and rate capability. We then discuss how, in the future, Ge anode materials (Ge and Ge oxides, Ge-carbon composites, and other Ge-based composites) could increase the capacity of today's Li batteries. In recent years, considerable efforts have been made to fulfill the requirements of excellent anode materials, especially using these materials at the nanoscale. This article shall serve as a handy reference, as well as starting point, for future research related to high capacity LIB anodes, especially based on semiconductor Ge and Si.

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“…Ge has lower gravimetric capacity compared to Si but has a comparable volumetric capacity (7366 Ah/L for Li 15 Ge 4 compared to 8334 Ah/L for Li 15 Si 4 ) 4 and has much higher energy density compared to aluminum, tin, and graphite. Lithium diffusivity in germanium is two orders of magnitude higher than that in silicon, and germanium's electronic conductivity is higher than that of Si, 3,5 which augment its rate capability. Ge has been shown to exhibit better cyclic performance 5 and superior fracture performance compared to Si.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lithium diffusivity in germanium is two orders of magnitude higher than that in silicon, and germanium's electronic conductivity is higher than that of Si, 3,5 which augment its rate capability. Ge has been shown to exhibit better cyclic performance 5 and superior fracture performance compared to Si. 6 The higher fracture resistance of lithiated Ge was attributed to the isotropic volume expansion of germanium as opposed to highly anisotropic volume expansion of Si when reacted with lithium.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-Time Stress Measurements in Germanium Thin Film Electrodes during Electrochemical Lithiation/Delithiation Cycling

Nadimpalli

Tripuraneni

Sethuraman³

2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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An in situ study of stress evolution and mechanical behavior of germanium as a lithium-ion battery electrode material is presented. Thin films of germanium are cycled in a half-cell configuration with lithium metal foil as counter/reference electrode, with 1M LiPF 6 in ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate solution (1:1:1, wt%) as electrolyte. Real-time stress evolution in the germanium thin-film electrodes during electrochemical lithiation/ delithiation is measured by monitoring the substrate curvature using the multi-beam optical sensing method. Upon lithiation a-Ge undergoes extensive plastic deformation, with a peak compressive stress reaching as high as −0.76 ± 0.05 GPa (mean ± standard deviation). The compressive stress decreases with lithium concentration reaching a value of approximately −0.3 GPa at the end of lithiation. Upon delithiation the stress quickly became tensile and follows a trend that mirrors the behavior on compressive side; the average peak tensile stress of the lithiated Ge samples was approximately 0.83 GPa. The peak tensile stress data along with the SEM analysis was used to estimate a lower bound fracture resistance of lithiated Ge, which is approximately 5.3 J/m 2 . It was also observed that the lithiated Ge is rate sensitive, i.e., stress depends on how fast or slow the charging is carried out.

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Study of Germanium as Electrode in Thin-Film Battery

Cited by 131 publications

References 19 publications

Evaluating the performance of nanostructured materials as lithium-ion battery electrodes

Evaluating the performance of nanostructured materials as lithium-ion battery electrodes

High Energy Density Germanium Anodes for Next Generation Lithium Ion Batteries

Real-Time Stress Measurements in Germanium Thin Film Electrodes during Electrochemical Lithiation/Delithiation Cycling

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