Study of Latent Toxoplasma gondii Role in Level of Testosterone, DHEA, Cortisol and Prolactin Hormones of Young Persons

Mahbodfar, H. R.; Yousefi-Razin, E.; Saki, Jasem; Rafiei, Abdollah; Khademvatan, Shahram

doi:10.3923/aje.2015.64.71

Cited by 5 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In males, 9 studies reported an increased level of testosterone in T . gondii seropositive individuals compared to seronegative counterparts [ 29 , 30 , 32 , 33 , 38 – 41 , 43 ]. As such, in females, seven studies reported elevated levels of testosterone in T .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As such, in females, seven studies reported elevated levels of testosterone in T . gondii seropositive than seronegative counterparts [ 29 , 30 , 32 , 34 , 37 – 39 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…gondii . Three studies in males [ 26 , 29 , 38 ] and two studies in females [ 26 , 38 ] reported an increased level of cortisol in T . gondii seropositive than seronegative counterparts.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…gondii seropositivity and serum lipid levels [ 27 ]. Mahbodfar et al [ 29 ] found that T . gondii seropositive individuals had significantly higher levels of testosterone and cortisol than seronegative individuals.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…gondii infection and testosterone variations in human studies and animal models ( Fig 2 and Tables 1 and 2 ). We observed that most of the included studies in humans reported an increased level of testosterone [ 26 , 29 – 34 , 37 – 41 , 43 ], while some studies reported a decreased level [ 27 , 28 , 35 ] or insignificant changes [ 36 , 42 ] ( Fig 1 ). As such, these variations were different in males and females in some studies [ 40 , 41 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxoplasma gondii infection and testosterone alteration: A systematic review and meta-analyses

Abdoli,

Ghaffarifar,

Sharifi

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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Background Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a worldwide distributed protozoan parasite which has infected a wide range of warm-blooded animals and humans. The most common form of T. gondii infection is asymptomatic (latent); nevertheless, latent toxoplasmosis can induce various alterations of sex hormones, especially testosterone, in infected humans and animals. On the other hand, testosterone is involved in behavioral traits and reproductive functions in both sexes. Hence, the purpose of this systematic review is to summarize the available evidence regarding the association between T. gondii infection and testosterone alteration. Methods In the setting of a systematic review, an electronic search (any date to 10 January 2023) without language restrictions was performed using Science Direct, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The PRISMA guidelines were followed. Following the initial search, a total of 12,306 titles and abstracts were screened initially; 12,281 were excluded due to the lack of eligibility criteria or duplication. Finally, 24 articles met the included criteria. A mean±standard deviation (SD) was calculated to assess the difference of testosterone between T. gondii positive and T. gondii negative humans. The possibility of publication bias was assessed using Egger’s regression. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results This systematic review identified 24 articles (18 studies in humans and six studies in animals). Most human studies (13 out of 19) reported an increased level of testosterone following latent toxoplasmosis in males, while three studies reported decreased levels and two studies reported an insignificant change. Eleven articles (seven datasets in males and seven datasets in females) were eligible to be included in the data synthesis. Based on the random-effects model, the pooled mean± SD of testosterone in T. gondii positive than T. gondii negative was increased by 0.73 and 0.55 units in males and females, respectively. The Egger’s regression did not detect a statistically significant publication bias in males and females (p = value = 0.95 and 0.71), respectively. Three studies in male animals (rats, mice, and spotted hyenas) and two studies in female animals (mice and spotted hyenas) reported a decline in testosterone in infected compared with non-infected animals. While, one study in female rats reported no significant changes of testosterone in infected than non-infected animals. Moreover, two studies in male rats reported an increased level of testosterone in infected than non-infected animals. Conclusions This study provides new insights about the association between T. gondii infection and testosterone alteration and identifies relevant data gaps that can inform and encourage further studies. The consequence of increased testosterone levels following T. gondii infection could partly be associated with increased sexual behavior and sexual transmission of the parasite. On the other hand, declining testosterone levels following T. gondii infection may be associated with male reproductive impairments, which were observed in T. gondii-infected humans and animals. Furthermore, these findings suggest the great need for more epidemiological and experimental investigations in depth to understand the relationship between T. gondii infection and testosterone alteration alongside with future consequences of testosterone alteration.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As such, in females, seven studies reported elevated levels of testosterone in T . gondii seropositive than seronegative counterparts [ 29 , 30 , 32 , 34 , 37 – 39 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…gondii . Three studies in males [ 26 , 29 , 38 ] and two studies in females [ 26 , 38 ] reported an increased level of cortisol in T . gondii seropositive than seronegative counterparts.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxoplasma gondii infection and testosterone alteration: A systematic review and meta-analyses

Abdoli,

Ghaffarifar,

Sharifi

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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Recombinant Mouse Prolactin Confers Partial Protection Against Toxoplasma gondii Infection in a Pre-treated Experimental Murine Model

et al. 2022

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Solving the New Puzzle(s) 2014-2022: Flammer Syndrome Probably Represents a Mild Endophenotype of Raynaud’s Phenomenon Mainly Associated with Ocular Disturbances and Also Due to Latent T. gondii Infection

Prandota¹

2023

J Clin Med Cur Res

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negative effect on quality of life [9]. The study of 334 healthy subjects aged 50 years or elder in Japan showed that proportion of participants with increased sensitivity to cold widely ranged (6.1%-30.8% men, 14.3%-28.3% women) [12].In Eastern Asian populations CHHF occurs in 20%-52% of subjects [13][14][15], and ratio of men to women is 2:3 [16]. In Japan, this condition called "hiesho" is quite common involving over 60% of females, and in the latter stage of pregnancy "hiesho" manifests in about 40% of women, particularly in the advanced maternal age [17,18]. One study comparing Japanese with Brazilians reported that 57% of Brazilian pregnant women were aware of cold sensations [19,20]. CHHF is associated also with RP, gastric disturbances [21], as well as gynecological disorders, such as infertility and dysmenorrhea [22,23]. Nb. T. gondii infection causes ovarian dysfunction and disturbances in sperm motility, viability and concentration values, epididymis weight, and testicle inflammation [24][25][26][27][28].The presence of "hiesho" was found to be risk factor which can also lead to abnormal delivery because of weak labor pains, prolonged labor and atonic bleeding, premature delivery, amnion membrane rupture [17,29,30].In this context, it should be added that traditional Japanese fish dishes sushi and sashimi may, at least in part, play a role in development of these disorders [31], especially that wide distribution of T. gondii amongst sea fish and mammals may affect human health worldwide (e.g. the highest prevalence of the pathogen was found in otter (54.8%), and dolphin, whale and porpoise (30.92%) [32]. B. FS heritability.In Europe, most of FS symptoms appear in puberty and alleviate along with age, in women after menopause begun [33], albeit in the study of 3067 persons aged 65 years or elder 23.6% men and 28.6% women had cold extremities [34]. Importantly, parents of FS subjects also had similar symptoms which may suggest a heritability of this clinical entity [3,4]. Moreover, Konieczka & Erb [4] noted that there is a relationship between FS and RP, and suggested a genetic background of RP [35][36][37][38], but they believed that additional factor(s) may also play a role [4,35]. Nb. genetic factors appeared to be important in the development of RP as has been demonstrated in one familial and twin study [39]. FS often occurs in individuals who are slender, have a low blood pressure, are active, but also have unusually cold extremities, increased pain sensitivity, altered circadian rhythm, and prolonged falling asleep time [40,41]. C. Pathophysiological changes in FS.Individuals with FS have the autonomic nervous system imbalance with sympathetic predominance [4,42], lymphocytes and leukocytes in the eye have altered gene expression, and activated astrocytes in the retina also change their gene expression and morphology [2,[43][44][45], slightly increased plasma endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels, and increased systemic oxidative stress [5,46]. They also have enhanced sensitivity to some drugs, such as for ...

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Study of Latent Toxoplasma gondii Role in Level of Testosterone, DHEA, Cortisol and Prolactin Hormones of Young Persons

Cited by 5 publications

References 24 publications

Toxoplasma gondii infection and testosterone alteration: A systematic review and meta-analyses

Toxoplasma gondii infection and testosterone alteration: A systematic review and meta-analyses

Recombinant Mouse Prolactin Confers Partial Protection Against Toxoplasma gondii Infection in a Pre-treated Experimental Murine Model

Solving the New Puzzle(s) 2014-2022: Flammer Syndrome Probably Represents a Mild Endophenotype of Raynaud’s Phenomenon Mainly Associated with Ocular Disturbances and Also Due to Latent T. gondii Infection

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