Study of locust bean gum reinforced cyst-chitosan and oxidized dextran based semi-IPN cryogel dressing for hemostatic application

Abstract

Severe blood loss due to traumatic injuries remains one of the leading causes of death in emergency settings. Chitosan continues to be the candidate material for hemostatic applications due to its inherent hemostatic properties. However, available chitosan-based dressings have been reported to have an acidic odor at the wound site due to the incorporation of acid based solvents for their fabrication and deformation under compression owing to low mechanical strength limiting its usability. In the present study semi-IPN cryogel was fabricated via Schiff's base cross-linking between the polyaldehyde groups of oxidized dextran and thiolated chitosan in presence of locust bean gum (LBG) known for its hydrophilicity. Polymerization at −12 °C yielded macroporous semi-IPN cryogels with an average pore size of 124.57 ± 20.31 μm and 85.46% porosity. The hydrophobicity index of LBG reinforced semi-IPN cryogel was reduced 2.42 times whereas the swelling ratio was increased by 156.08% compare to control cryogel. The increased hydrophilicity and swelling ratio inflated the compressive modulus from 28.1 kPa to 33.85 for LBG reinforced semi-IPN cryogel. The structural stability and constant degradation medium pH were also recorded over a period of 12 weeks. The cryogels demonstrated lower adsorption affinity towards BSA. The cytotoxicity assays (direct, indirect) with 3T3-L1 fibroblast cells confirmed the cytocompatibility of the cryogels. The hemolysis assay showed <5% hemolysis confirming blood compatibility of the fabricated cryogel, while whole blood clotting and platelet adhesion assays confirmed the hemostatic potential of semi-IPN cryogel.

Interpenetrating polymer network as a pioneer drug delivery system: a review

“…The results of this study show that high swelling capacity, biodegradability in a controlled way without collapsing of microstructures, without any considerable alterations in pH and adsorption of serum albumin to a lesser extent. This investigational study validates cryogel form by SIPN method and can be used in hemostatic dressing [93].…”

Cellulose fibers-reinforced self-expanding porous composite with multiple hemostatic efficacy and shape adaptability for uncontrollable massive hemorrhage treatment

“…Most of the hemostats currently used in medical care or military, such as gauze, chitosan hemostatic agents, zeolite and montmorillonite, usually work only through one single hemostatic mechanism, and thus exhibit low hemostatic efficacy for wounds in the groin or armpit, firearm or penetrating injury, which cannot meet the pre-hospital first-aid treatment. Meanwhile, in recent years, plenty of experimental hemostatic materials have been developed and used for rapid wound sealing and bleeding control, including sponges or foams, microspheres or beads, gauzes or zeolites, and functional hydrogels [ 49 , 50 ]. Previous studies have proven that some of these materials show the ability to control mild bleeding of artery or heart and promote wound healing [ 34 , 51 ].…”

Polysaccharide Based Hemostatic Strategy for Ultrarapid Hemostasis

“…In order to improve the mechanical strength and the rapid response ability, semi‐IPN cryogel was fabricated via Schiff‐base cross‐linking reaction between the polyaldehyde groups of oxidized dextran and thiolated chitosan in presence of LBG. [ 124 ] The hydrophobicity index of LBG reinforced semi‐IPN cryogel was reduced 2.42 times, the swelling ratio was increased to 156.08% compared with control group.…”